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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

BUREAU OF STANDARDS 

S. W. STRATTON, Director 


DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF ETHYL 
ALCOHOL AND OF ITS MIXTURES WITH WATER 

BY 

N. S. OSBORNE, Associate Physicist 
E. C. McKELVY, Assistant Chemist 

and 

H. W. BEARCE, Assistant Physicist 

Bureau of Standards 


[APRIL 15, 1913] 


REPRINT NO. 197 

(FROM BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS, VOL. 9) 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1913 


Wcnograpn 


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3 - 


DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

BUREAU OF STANDARDS 

S. W. STRATTON, Director 


DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF ETHYL 
ALCOHOL AND OF ITS MIXTURES WITH WATER 

/JJ- 

BY 

N. S. OSBORNE, Associate Physicist 
E. C. McKELVY, Assistant Chemist 

t 

and 

H. W. BEARCE, Assistant Physicist 

Bureau of Standards 


[APRIL 15, 1913] 


REPRINT NO. 197 

(FROM BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS, VOL. 9) 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1913 






















0, OF D. 
JUL 22 1913 











DENSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF ETHYL 
ALCOHOL AND OF ITS MIXTURES WITH WATER 


By N. S. Osborne, E. C. McKelvy, and H. W. Bearce 


CONTENTS 

Page 

Introduction. 328 

Part 1.—PREPARATION OF PURE ANHYDROUS ETHYL ALCOHOL 

I. Historical survey. 330 

1. Work before 1865—Comparison of results. 331 

2. Work of Mendel6eff (1865)."....,. 334 

3. Work subsequent to 1865. 335 

II. Experimental part. 344 

1. Outline of work. 344 

2. Determination of the critical solution temperature. 344 

3. Materials. 348 

4. Purification and testing for impurities. 349 

5. Dehydration and distillation of the alcohol. 353 

6. Experiments and results. 356 

7. Effect of impurities on the density. 367 

8. Discussion of results. 369 

III. Summary op results. 369 

Part 2.—THERMAL EXPANSION OF MIXTURES OF ETHYL ALCOHOL AND WATER 

IV. Description op experimental work. 371 

1. Method of determination and general description of apparatus... 371 

2. Thermometers used. 375 

3. Description of sinker. 376 

4. Balance, weights, and method of weighing. 377 

5. Material used. 379 

6. Arrangement of experimental work. 379 

V. Experimental results. 381 

1. Calculation of results. 381 

2. Copy of original data. 384 

3. Reduction and adjustment of results. 385 

4. R6sum6 of results. 399 

327 






























328 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards tv<*.9 

Part 3.—DENSITY OP ETHYL ALCOHOL AND OF ITS MIXTURES WITH WATER 

Page 

VI. Description op apparatus and experimental work . 405 

1. The picnometers. 40 5 

2. Effect of dissolved air. 407 

3. Determination of the density of ethyl alcohol. 409 

4. Preparation of mixtures. Apparatus and methods used. 415 

5. Materials used. 4 1 ** 

6. Experimental work and reduction of results. 420 

7. Alcoholometrie density table. 4 2 4 

8. Review of results. 428 

Part 4.—DENSITY OF ETHYL ALCOHOL AND OF ITS MIXTURES WITH WATER. 

(A CONFIRMATORY SERIES) 

VII. Description op experimental work . 429 

1. Material, apparatus, and methods. 429 

2. Experimental results. 431 

Part 5.—BIBLIOGRAPHY 

VIII. Bibliography op the literature on alcohol and alcoholometry .. 436 

1. References in chronological order. 437 

2. Decimal classification of subjects. 468 


INTRODUCTION 

The demand for alcoholometric density tables of greater pre¬ 
cision than those now in use has led to the experimental rede¬ 
termination at the Bureau of Standards of the constants upon 
which such tables are based. 

In order to provide the basis for the standardization of alco¬ 
holometers at this bureau, the work of preparing such tables was 
undertaken several years ago. Examination of the data then 
available showed that they were inadequate for the preparation 
of tables of the desired accuracy. 

The scope of the present work includes the preparation of pure 
anhydrous ethyl alcohol, the determination of the density and 
thermal expansion of this alcohol and its mixtures with water, 
and the construction from these data of tables for convenient use. 

The results of the density determinations by the authors are 
expressed in terms of the density of water at 4 0 C as the unit. 
The word “ density ” is employed throughout the paper in a general 
way as the name of the property of the substance; but where 
numerical values are given, whether those determined by the 


















bI^cT’ M cKelvy ] Density and Expansion of Alcohol 329 

authors or quoted from other observers, the unit employed is 
either expressed in words or indicated by symbols. 

The symbol D~ indicates the density of a substance at the 
temperature t in terms of the density of water under normal 
atmospheric pressure at the temperature T as the unit. The 
density expressed thus is equivalent to the ratio a of the density 
of the substance at t° to the density of water at T°, and in the 
case where T equals 4 0 C the density is equivalent to density 
expressed in grams per millimeter. If not otherwise indicated, 
temperatures are on the centigrade scale, and for the experi¬ 
mental work presented here the International Hydrogen Scale of 
temperatures is used. 


• This ratio is often called “specific gravity.” 



PART 1 

PREPARATION OF PURE ANHYDROUS ETHYL ALCOHOL 

By E. C. McKelvy 

The success of an attempt to prepare a pure material of any 
kind depends largely on its physical state at ordinary tempera- 
times and on the limitations set by the nature of the physical 
properties, which may be determined in order to detect the im¬ 
purities present. Generally speaking, chemical methods for 
detecting very small quantities of one substance in large quanti¬ 
ties of another are rather poorly developed and unsatisfactory, 
especially in the field of organic substances. The present work 
presented the problem of preparing a pure liquid, ethyl alcohol, 
with many favorable conditions under which to work. The im¬ 
purities contained in the product on the market are compara¬ 
tively few, and there is no great difficulty in getting large quan¬ 
tities of the liquid containing 99.5 per cent ethyl alcohol. The 
problem resolved itself into a removal of the half per cent of 
impurity, mostly water, and the study of the variation of the 
physical properties of alcohol with small amounts of various 
impurities. The purification can be carried out by distillation 
at temperatures easily attainable, and the permissibility of work¬ 
ing with large quantities of the liquid is a distinct advantage, 
especially in the preliminary purification. A considerable num¬ 
ber of physical properties are applicable to the testing of the 
product, with, however, a large variation in their sensitiveness. 
It is evident that our knowledge of the purity of any mate¬ 
rial is subject to the limits set by the method of testing, what¬ 
ever may be the efficiency of the method of purification. 

I. HISTORICAL SURVEY 

It was early appreciated that the most convenient basis upon 
which alcoholic liquors could be taxed was their alcohol content. 
The accurate determination of this value has occupied the atten¬ 
tion of investigators for over a century, and several independent 
330 


McKdvy) Density and Expansion of Alcohol 331 

methods have been devised. A study of the literature on the 
subject will show that a number of physical constants have been 
proposed for this use. By far the larger bulk of the work, how¬ 
ever, has had to do with the determination of the densities of 
alcohol-water mixtures, since a density determination gives an 
easy and accurate method of determining the alcoholic content of 
a liquor. 

To utilize this method practically, it is of course necessary first 
to construct a table from density determinations on mixtures of 
known composition. In order that this may be done, it is essen¬ 
tial that pure alcohol should be obtained. The efforts at the 
preparation of such an alcohol have been parallel with the devel¬ 
opment in the accuracy of alcoholometric tables. It is purposed 
to give a short historical survey of the main attempts to accom¬ 
plish this result. 

1 . WORK BEFORE 1865—COMPARISON OF RESULTS. 

It can be said concerning most of the results recorded before 
1865, and of many since, that they are of limited accuracy, and 
hence of interest mainly from a historical point of view, notwith¬ 
standing that a part of this work forms the basis of the tables in 
current use. The main cause of this status is that the actual 
density determinations are generally given only to the fourth 
decimal place, and as a rule the results are poorly defined as to 
temperature conditions and bases of temperature and density 
references. A considerable part of this work has been briefly 
sketched in the papers of Mendeleeff b > 207 » 241 and Gerlach 445 . Blag- 
den and Gilpin 4 > 5 were among the first investigators to construct 
tables from actual density determinations. Their work was in¬ 
complete in that no success attended their efforts to obtain 
anhydrous alcohol, and so their results had only an arbitrary 
significance until the real alcohol value of their basis could be 
determined by later observers. The early attempts of Lowitz 10 
and Richter 9 > 11 to dehydrate alcohol, and the work of Tralles 20 
have been thoroughly discussed by Windisch 684 . Table I will 
show the surprising agreement shown in the results of some of 

b Reference numbers^printed in superior figures throughout this paper refer to “ Bibliography,” part 5 , 
in ■which each title bears a specific reference number. 



332 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 


[Vol.Q 


the experimenters working before 1865. McCulloch 105 > 119 in a 
report to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States 
reviews the work done up to that time, and on the basis of a few 
experiments and recalculations of his own recommends the alco- 
holometric tables for official use by the Treasury Department. 

TABLE I 

Density Determinations of Absolute Alcohol Prior to 1866 


Name 


Blagden and Gilpin *.. 

Lowitz 48 . 

Richter », “. 

Saussure 17 . 

Gay-Lussac *. 

Meissner 37 . 

Delezennes 31 . 

Gouvemain 38 . 

Dumas and Boullay «.... 
Muncke and Gmelin **.. 

Brown 48 . 

Connell 53. 

Kopp 83 . 

Pierre 84 . 

Fownes 98 . 

Wackenroder 97 . 


Year 


{ T 1 

[ 1794 J 

1796 

1797 

1807 

1815 

1816 

1823 

1825 

1827 

1828 

1829 

1835 

1845 

1845 

1847 

1847 


Dehydrator 


None... 
K2CO3. 
CaCls.. 
CaClj.. 
CaO... 
CaCla-. 


CaCU. 


CaO. 


CaO. 

CaO. 

CaO. 


Density 

value 

T)t 
U T 


0.825 

.791 

.792 

.792 

.7940 

.791 

. 79370 

.79364 

.7915 

.8062 

.791 

.7938 

.80950 

.81508 

.7938 

.7948 


Basis of 
reference 
t 

T 

Density 

20° 

4° 

recalcu¬ 

lated 

Remarks 

60V 


/No dehydrating 

60 


\ agent 

16V 

16°^ 

0. 7899 

M. 

20° r 

20°^ 

.7909 

M. 


.7909 

M. 


.7898 

M. 

20“ 

20 oV ' 

.7899 

M. 

20° p 

0 oC 

. 79361 

M. 

16_° R 

10»K 

. 79348 

M. 

« # c 

.7899 

A. 

?c 

.7895 

M. 


.7896 

. 79277 

A. Assume x°= 

60° F 

M. 

4-C 

60 °t? 

60°* 

. 79777 

. 78959 

M. Pierre’s expan¬ 
sion coefficient 
used 

M. 

x-c 

.7905 

A. 














































McKelvy] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 
TABLE I—Continued 


333 


Name 


Drinkwater 102 . 

Wetherill . 

Pltlcker . 

Delffs 128 . 

Pouillet 151 . 

Baumhauer 156 .... 

Mendelfiefl m. 

Gladstone-Dale «». 

Landolt . 

Mendel6eff *», 2 «. 


Year 


Dehydrator 


Density 

value 



1848 

1848 

1854 

1854 

1859 

1860 

1861 

1863 

1864 

1865 


CaO 


CaO 


0. 793811 

.8194 

.792 


CaO 


CaO-Na.... 


CaO-BaO... 


.7947 

.7939 

.7958 

.7972 

.8011 

. 78945 


Basis of 
reference 
j_ 

T 



Density 

20® 

X® 

recalcu¬ 

lated 

Remarks 

0. 78958 

M. 

.8073 

A. 

.787 

A. 

.796 

A. 

.7898 

M. 

.7897 

A. 

.7916 

A. 

.7929 

A. 

.7997 

A. 

.78945 

Uncorrected 


Explanation. —In the column headed “Remarks’’ M indicates 
that the densities at 20° were calculated by Mendeleeff. A indi¬ 
cates that this was done by the authors of this paper. Both 
calculations were made, except where otherwise stated, with 
Kopp’s 92 > 241 value for the expansion in the following formula: 

= _|_ (20° -1°) 0.000846 

where 0.000846 is the change in density for i° C. X° signifies 
that the basis of density reference was not given and is assumed 
to be 4 0 in the recalculation. It is impossible to correct any of 
these values, except Mendeleeff’s 207 » 241 later one, to the inter¬ 
national hydrogen scale of temperature. 





























334 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards IVoi. o 

2. WORK OF MENDELlSEFF (1865) 

In 1865 Mendeleeff’s 207 memoir on alcohol appeared in the 
original Russian and also in German. His experimental work is 
characterized by careful attention to details and skillful execu¬ 
tion. The ethyl alcohol prepared by him was probably the purest 
prepared up to that time. His density values have been gener¬ 
ally regarded with great confidence. Many of the generally 
accepted tables used in scientific work have as their basis Mende- 
leeff’s value, with the application of certain well-defined correc¬ 
tions. Such are the tables prepared by Windisch, 685 using the 
value approved by the Normal-Eichungs Commission, Berlin; the 
tables given by E. W. Morley, 1050 using a value recalculated by 
himself; and the tables issued provisionally by the Bureau of 
Standards 1216 in 1909. 

In Mendeleeff’s work the first attempt was made to determine 
the relative efficiency of different dehydrating agents. From the 
results of previous investigators, as well as experiments of his 
own, he decided that such agents as anhydrous potassium carbo¬ 
nate, calcium chloride, and copper sulphate were unsatisfactory. 
Metallic sodium as such or in the form of an amalgam he found 
inefficient, an observation later substantiated by Squibb 433 and 
by Crismer. 1033 He concluded that lime, with the addition of a 
smaller quantity of baryta, was the most satisfactory means for 
dehydrating the alcohol. This addition of baryta had been rec¬ 
ommended by Berthelot, 141 with the statement that the turning 
brown of the alcohol was an indication of complete dehydration, 
but it was later shown by Crismer 1033 that the baryta is unneces¬ 
sary and undesirable. 

In Table II are given the lowest density values found by Men¬ 
del eeff in his work with different dehydrating agents, certain of 
which are still in use. These results, if more generally known, 
would leave no doubt in the minds of chemists as to the agents 
which should be used if an alcohol as anhydrous as possible is 
desired. Table III contains the results of one of Mendel^eff’s and 
one of Squibb’s later distillations, showing the variation in the 
density of the different fractions. Unfortunately the volumes of 
the different fractions are not given. 


McKeivy] Density and Expansion of Alcohol 335 

TABLE II 

Densities with Various Dehydrating Agents (Mendeleeff 207 ’ 241 ) 


Dehydrator used 

< 

Remarks 

K 2 CO, 

CaCl 2 

CuS0 4 

Na-Hg 

BaO 

CaO+BaO 

0. 78970 
. 78960 
.78961 
. 78974 
. 789453 
. 78945 

All distillations were made with the dehydrating 
agent present in the alcohol. No corrections 
have been applied to the results. 


TABLE III 

Variations in Density of Distillate Fractions 

[Dehydrating agents: Mendeleeff, CaO+BaO; Squibb, CaO.] 


Fraction 

D 20 - 

Mendeleeff m, m 

D i596 

^1596 

E. R. Squibb 

Remarks 

1 

0. 78963 

0. 793960 

These results are taken directly from 

2 

. 78946 

.793811 

the original articles without correc¬ 

3 

. 789442 

. 793639 

tion. The volume figures for the 

4 

. 789456 

. 793582 

fractions are not available. 

5 

. 789442 

. 793576 


6 

.789472 

. 793561 


7 


. 793499 



3. WORK SUBSEQUENT TO 1865 

In Table IV are presented the results of most importance 
which have appeared since 1865. Table V shows the values 
obtained by other investigators during this period in cases where 
generally the density value was of secondary importance to the 
determination of other physical constants. In most of these 
cases no details of the density determinations are given. 














336 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 
TABLE IV 


\V0l.9 


Ethyl Alcohol Density Determinations of Most Importance Subsequent 

to 1864 


Name 

Year 

Mendeleeff 207 » 241 .... 

1865 

Squibb, Messrs. 433 .. 

1884 

Squibb, E. R. 679 . 

1893 

Cook and Haines 933 . 

1901 

Young 996 . 

1902 

Crismer 1033 . 

1904 

Winkler 1087 . 

1905 

Klason and Norlin 1109 

1906 

Do. 


Kailan 1148 . 

1907 

Andrews 1187 . 

1908 

Doroshevskii 1175 .... 

1908 

Acree and Robert¬ 

1910 

son 1257 * 1394 


Doroshevskii 1269 .... 

1910 

Rohrs 1295 . 

1910 

Kflilnn 1341 .. 

1911 

Bureau Standards 1370 

1910 


Dehydrator used 


CaO+BaO. 

CaO. 

CaO. 

CaC 2 . 

Dist. w. hexane.. 

CaO. 

Ca.. 

Ca. 

Ca. 

CaO. 

CaO, Ca, Mg-Hg 

CaO. 

CaO. 

CaO. 

Ca. 

CaO. 

CaO, Al-Hg. 


Density 
value given 

T>f 


0. 79358 
.79350 
.79356 
. 79357 
.80627 
.78746 
. 78932 
. 79413 
. 78938 
. 78520 
. 78510 
. 79426 
. 78506 
. 79412 
. 795027 
. 78513 
.78506 


Basis of 
reference 
t 

T 


15 ! 

4° 

15?6 

15?6 

15?6 

15?6 

15 ! 

4° 

o° 

4° 

25 ^ 

25° 

20? 07 


! 5 ! 

15° 

20 ° 

4° 

25° 

4° 

25° 

4° 

15 ! 

15° 

25 ^ 

4° 

15 ! 

15° 

14?2 

14?2 

25 ^ 

4° 

? 5 ! 

4° 


Density 
at 25° (cal¬ 
culated) 

D^c 


0. 78504 
.78470 
.78476 
.78503 
. 78507 
.78516 
. 78510 
.78490 
.78508 
. 78520 
. 78510 
. 78503 
.78506 
.78489 
.78521 
. 78513 
.78506 










































McKehy] Density and Expansion of Alcohol 337 

Explanation. —Table IV represents an attempt to put the 
most important results for the density of anhydrous alcohol on a 
comparable basis. All reductions were made with the use of the 
formula obtained in Part II, 

Op =* Dj* — [859 (<-25) +0.6 (t — 25)* +0.005 (<-25) 3 ]X io-* 

and Chappuis’s 1132 values for the density of water. The value 
given in Mendeleeff’s original paper has been corrected to a more 
probable value for the density of water than that assumed by 
him and to the international hydrogen temperature scale. 


TABLE V 


Density Determinations of Secondary Importance Subsequent to 1865 


Name 


Linnemann 231 . 

Wiillner 334 . 

Darling 226 . 

Dupre and Page 237 ... 
Do. 

Do... 

van der Willigen 246 . . 
Pierre and Puchot 26 °. 

Erlenmeyer 264 . 

Pierre 283 . 

Winkelmann 286 . 


Year 

Dehydrator 

Density 

value 

Df 

Basis of 
reference 
t 

T 

Density 
at 25° 

(calculated) 

»T 

1868 

k 2 co 3 . 

0. 8086 

19° 

19° 

0. 8022 

1868 


.8133 

0° 

x° 

.7920 

1868 


.8095 

H 1 O 

ol o 

.7926 

1869 


. 79792 

10° 

x° 

. 78516 

1869 


. 79317 

15?5 

x° 

.78509 

1869 


.78932 

I ^ 

M O 

ol o 

.78507 

1869 


.7935 

20° 

4° 

.7892 

1871 

* 

.822 

1 ^ 
MO 

ol o 

.818 

1871 

CaO. 

.79481 

11° 

X° 

.78291 

1873 


.80214 

15° 

x° 

.79460 

1873 


.7946 

16?03 

4° 

.78695 































338 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 
TABLE V—Continued 


[Vol.Q 


Name 

Duclaux 312 . 

Kundt 322 . 

Briihl 343 . 

DeHeen 347 . 

Lorenz 350 . 

Vincent and Delachanal 359 .. 

Zettermann 302 . 

Bedson and Williams 304 .... 

Drecker 400 . 

Johst 405 . 

Nasini 408 . 

Quincke 411 . 

Sieben 414 . 

Perkin 431 . 

Kanonnikoff 449 . 

Winkelmann. 462 (Xahl- 
baum’s alcohol.) 


Year 

Dehydrator 

Density 

value 

D - 

Basis of 
reference 
t 

T 

Density 
at 25° 

(calculated) 




15° 


1877 


0. 7947 

4° 

0. 7860 




18° 


1878 


.800 

'x 5 

.794 




o 

O 

CM 


1880 


.8000 

4° 

.7957 




14° 


1880 


. 7995 

x° 

.7901 




o 

O 

CM 


1880 


.7909 

X° 

. 7866 




0° 


1880 


.8120 

x° 

.7908 




17°5 


1880 


.799 

x° 

.793 




20° 


1881 


.8019 

4° 

.7976 




25?42 


1883 


.78962 

x° 

. 78998 




16?7 


1883 


. 8072 

4° 

.8000 




20° 


1883 

BaO. 

. 7968 

I 3 

.7925 




20° 


1883 


. 7969 

~4° 

.7926 




20° 


1883 


. 796 

4° 

.792 

* 



25° 


1884 

CuS0 4 . 

. 78820 

25 s 

. 78589 

1885 


. 7918 

20° 

7875 




4° 


1885 


.7906 

20° 

. 7863 



4° 













































McKelvy] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 
TABLE V—Continued 


339 


Name 

Year 

Dehydrator 

Density 

value 

Dt 

Basis of 
reference 
t 

T 

Density 
at 25° 

(calculated) 

D— 

4 

Pagliani and Batelli 453 . 

1885 


0. 79175 

18° 

0. 78580 

Worthington 463 . 

1885 


.7906 

x° 

25?3 

.7885 



25° 

Ketteler 531 . 

1388 


. 78987 

20° 

. 78562 

Do. 

1888 


. 80681 

x° 

0° 

. 78560 

Angstrom. 512 (Air free)_ 

1888 


. 80715 

x° 

0° 

A A 

.78595 


4° 

Angstrom. (Air saturated).. 

1888 


.80680 

0° 

1 Q 

. 78559 


4° 

Hartwig 527 . 

1888 


.7937 

18° 

.7877 



4° 

Le Blanc 583 . 

1889 


. 79643 

20° 

20° 

M! 

.79076 

Barbier and Roux 578 .. 

1890 


.805 

.796 

Buchkremer 681 

1890 


. 7935 

x° 

20° 

. 7892 

Gartenmeister 684 .. 

1890 


.7943 

4° 

20^ 

.7900 

Korten 588 

1890 


.7910 

4 

20° 

A A 

.7868 

Jahn 609 . 

1891 


. 79149 

4 

20° 

20° 

. 78585 





Schalf and Koss’ky 622 

1891 


. 791861 

18° 

. 785883 

Landolt and Jahn 646 

1892 


. 80197 

4 

17?5 

— O 

.79557 

Eykmann 659 . 

1893 


.7963 

X 

12?7 

AO 

.7856 




4 



7739^° 13-2 


















































340 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 
TABLE V—Continued 


[Vol.Q 


Name 


Year 


Edwards 692 . 

Tammann and Hirsch’g 717 . 
Lehfeldt 741 . 

Sohet 818 . 

Do. 

Zecchini 832 . 

Cohen 837 . 

Tanatar and Klimenko 860 ... 


1894 

1894 

1895 

1897 

1897 

1897 

1898 

1898 


Loomis (Squibb). 920 (Deter¬ 
mined by E. R. Squibb.) 


Carrara and Levi 959 


Grunmach 966 


Szilard 1083 


Cheneveau 1133 


Timmermanns 1162 


Wagner and Schulze. 1164 
(Alcohol from Winkler.) 


Getman 1183 


1900 

1902 

1902 

1905 

1907 

1907 

1907 

1908 


Dehydrator 


CaO-BaO ... 


CaO 


CaO 


CaO 


Density 

value 

d t 

Basis of 
reference 
t 

T 

Density 
at 25° 

(calculated) 

Df 

0. 7964 

20 ° 

15?5 

0. 7914 

.7951 

ol o 

.7866 

.7929 

18° 

4° 

.7869 

.8089 

0?9 

4° 

.7885 

.7711 

44°7 

4° 

.7879 

. 80513 

1?8 

4° 

.78546 

.8063 

0 ° 

x° 

.7851 

. 79565 

15° 

x° 

.78711 

. 79386 

15?6 

15?6 

.78506 

.79425 

16° 

4° 

. 78741 

.7888 

22°8 

4° 

.7862 

.78990 

20 ° 

x° 

. 78565 

.7886 

22 ° 

4° 

. 7860 

.80664 

0 ° 

4° 

.78544 

. 793405 

i •—* 

^ cn 

ol o 

.78486 

.78684 

25° 

4° 

.78684 











































Mckelvy] 


Density and Expansion oj Alcohol 
TABLE V—Continued 


34i 


Name 


Herz and Kuhn 1187 . 

Richards and Mathews. 1197 
(95 per cent probably.) 

Riihlemann 1200 . 

Turner 1208 . 

Holmes and Sageman 1232 ... 

Dawson 1266 . 

Polowzow 1292 . 

Smits and de Leeuw 1308 .... 

Thole 1309 . 

Warren 1322 . 

Cederberg 1330 . 


Year 

Dehydrator 

Density 

value 

Basis of 
reference 
t 

T 

Density 
at 25° 

(calculated) 

Bf 

1908 


0. 7807 

25° 

4° 

0. 7867 

1908 


.8040 

1 

-MO 

ol 0 

.7997 

1908 


.7927 

20° 

4° 

.7884 

1908 


. 78948 

20° 

4° 

. 78520 

1909 

CaO.. 

. 78892 

25° 

25° 

.78661 

1910 


. 791502 

18° 

4° 

. 78552 

1910 


. 78970 

20° 

4° 

. 78542 

1910 


. 7907 

18° 

4° 

.7847 

1910 

Ca. 

.7876 

25° 

4° 

.7876 

1910 

CaO. 

.7940 

15° 

15° 

.7848 

1911 


.7907 

19?5 

x° 

.7860 


The density value obtained by Messrs. Squibb 433 is the lowest 
ever obtained. These investigators used freshly ignited lime as 
dehydrating agent. The treatment occupied several weeks and 
was made by percolation at ordinary temperatures. This work 
repeated by E. R. Squibb 679 10 years later showed results only 
slightly higher. These authors concluded that they had not 
even then obtained anhydrous alcohol. The variation in density 
of their alcohol from that of Mendeleeff would represent an im¬ 
purity of 0.03 per cent water in Mendeteeff’s alcohol, assuming 





























342 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \V0i.9 

his higher value to be due to the presence of water. In the light 
of data to be presented later, it seems that these results can be 
explained on no other grounds than that in some way not known 
their standards of reference differed from those of other observers. 
In addition, there is some doubt concerning the precision of their 
temperature measurements. Cook and Haines 933 neglected to 
give their basis of density reference. On the assumption that 
this is water at its maximum density it is found to differ only 
slightly from the more reliable results. This is the only quanti¬ 
tative result obtained, so far as known, by the use of calcium 
carbide as dehydrating agent. Young, 986 without the use of 
chemical agents in the ordinary sense, obtained results in good 
accord with those of Mendeleeff. This was accomplished by dis¬ 
tilling with benzene and with hexane. Crismer 1033 has shown the 
inefficiency of sodium and baryta as dehydrating agents and 
obtained his best alcohol by means of dehydration with lime. 
He also introduced the use of the critical solution temperature 
of alcohol-kerosene mixtures as a criterion of the water content 
of the alcohol. He concluded that its sensibility was of the same 
order as density determinations accurate to the fifth decimal 
place. Vandam 1120 in Holland and Andrews 1167 in this country 
have also made use of this criterion. The use of this constant 
promises to be of considerable importance both from the stand¬ 
point of convenience and range of applicability in determining 
the composition of water-alcohol mixtures. 

Winkler 1087 obtained an alcohol of low density, using calcium 
to remove the water.' Klason and Norlin, 1109 using the same 
agent after purifying by recrystallization of potassium ethyl 
sulphate according to recalculation in Table IV, get one result 
considerably lower than that of Winkler, 1087 or even the recalcu¬ 
lated result of Mendeleeff. 207 However, the authors state that 
their results confirm the Windisch 685 basis, which is recalculated 
from the results of Mendeleeff, and also confirm the result of 
Winkler 1087 as opposed to that of Mendeleeff. These statements 
can be reconciled with each other and with the results gotten by 
recalculation, using the thermal expansion formula obtained in 
part 2, only by the consideration that the authors did not con- 


McKeivy] Density and Expansion of Alcohol 343 

sider 0.05 per cent water, corresponding to 16 units in the fifth 
decimal place, as significant. The concordance between Men- 
deleeff’s corrected value and Winkler’s value is much better 
than between the latter and the result of Klason and Norlin. 
The result given under density calculated to 25 0 leaves 

4 

nothing to be desired when compared with the results of most 
other investigators. There is some possibility of a misprint in 
the value at ^. Kailan 1148 > 1341 determined the conditions under 

*5 

which lime could be most effectively used as dehydrating agent, 
and later tried metallic calcium for removing the last traces of 
water. Andrews 1167 tested the relative effectiveness of lime, 
metallic calcium, and magnesium amalgam as dehydrators and 
obtained alcohols with each that differed only slightly among 
themselves and were only slightly higher in density than Men- 
del^eff’s 207 generally accepted value. He used in addition to the 
density determinations the critical solution temperature and refrac¬ 
tive index as criteria of complete dehydration. Extensive work 
has been done recently in Russia by Doroshevskii 1175 > 1269 and 
collaborators on the physical constants of anhydrous alcohol and 
its mixtures with water. The density value shown in the table 
was gotten by dehydrating with lime. Among the physical con¬ 
stants considered were specific heat, refractive index, electrical 
conductivity, vapor pressure, and boiling points. Other alcohols 
were also studied. The difference in the two density values 
given for anhydrous ethyl alcohol by this investigator at different 
times represents 0.04 per cent water. 

The determination of the influence of small quantities of water 
in ethyl alcohol upon the velocity of esterification by H. Gold¬ 
schmidt and E. Sunde, 1101 and upon the velocity of other reactions 
by G. Bredig and W. Fraenkel, 1062 , 1090 gives some promise of being 
of value in estimating the small quantities of water. J. Gyr 1185 
has used this influence as a criterion in the dehydration of methyl 
alcohol. Millar 1288 and Braune 1329 regard this method as the best 
for detecting traces of water in alcohol. In the case of methyl 
alcohol and the esterification of phenyl acetic acid, assuming the 
same accuracy of temperature control, the greater accuracy of 


344 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards L Vol -9 

the density determination seems to just about counterbalance the 
great change in esterification constant for the same percentage of 
water content. However, the quantitative results are as yet too 
meager to allow of a certain conclusion in regard to the use of 
this constant. Kailan 1341 in a recent work shows the superiority 
of the density method in one special case. Acree 1257 and students, 
in velocity of reaction studies, have used an alcohol showing the 
same density as that obtained at this bureau. The effect of small 
quantities of water was small in alkaline solution but very marked 
in acid solution. 

II. EXPERIMENTAL PART 
1. OUTLINE OF WORK 

This part of the work has to do with the preparation of chemi¬ 
cally pure ethyl alcohol. Experimentally it was proposed: First, 
to obtain, if possible, using different methods of purification and 
dehydration, an alcohol showing constant physical properties, 
even though from different commercial sources; second, to use 
density determinations as the main criterion of the degree of 
dehydration and purity with the auxiliary use, in some cases, of 
the critical solution temperature of its mixtures with kerosene 
and of such chemical tests as can be applied; third, to obtain, if 
possible, an alcohol which on further treatment with dehydrating 
agents would show no decrease in density and no variation in the 
density of the various distillates from the beginning to the end of 
a distillation; fourth, to investigate the possible effect on the 
density of the impurities likely to occur. Aside from considera¬ 
tions having to do with alcoholometry, it was hoped that the 
additional information gained regarding the most efficient method 
for preparing pure alcohol, which as a solvent ranks next to water 
in importance, would be of some importance and value. 

Full details of the density determinations are given on page 405 
and following. 

2. DETERMINATION OF THE CRITICAL SOLUTION TEMPERATURE 

Alexejew, 464 Rothmund, 859 and Timmermans 1116 have worked 
extensively with the mutual solubility relations of two liquids. 
Consider curve III, Fig. 1, which represents the solubility relations 


McKelvy] 


345 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 

between two components, A and B, partially miscible in the liquid 
state, dissolving in each other with an absorption of heat and 
the final disappearance of one of the liquid phases. The left- 
hand branch of the curve represents the solubility of A in B and 
the right-hand branch that of B in A. For constant temperature, 
below the maximum point of the curve, there are two liquid 
layers. At the maxi¬ 
mum point the two 
layers become identi¬ 
cal in composition. 

This temperature is 
called the critical solu¬ 
tion temperature, and 
the concentration at 
this point is the critical 
concentration. The 
point X represents a 
divariant system. At 
the critical concentra¬ 
tion and constant pres¬ 
sure the temperature is * 
fixed, depending only g 
on the nature of the 5 

CL 

components. This u 
critical solution tem¬ 
perature is changed by 
the addition of a third 
component C, being 
fixed for fixed concen¬ 
tration of C. This 
change in the critical 
solution temperature by the addition of C has been applied with 
considerable success to the determination of the purity and com¬ 
position of organic substances by Crismer, 1033 Timmermans, 1310 
Andrews, 1167 and others. 

Crismer 1033 found that the critical solution temperature of a 
binary mixture of ethyl alcohol and kerosene (considering a given 


40 * 















































/ 



















/ 








I] 

[I 










f 


















/ 



















L 





































/ 



















/ 



















jL 








































j 

* 

- X 

V 

V 















7 
















/ 



f 





\ 











/ 


} 







\ 










t 


j 








y, 

II 







y 


1 








\ 










l 









> 










7 



















/ 



















r 




fO 


















/ 



k 




















y 














t 


















7 



















/ 







































































10 1——— L-UlJ ———— ——1—1— ■ 

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 

A COMPOSITION (%ALCOHOL) B 

Fig. 1 .—Equilibrium diagram for system ethyl alcohol- 


kerosene 
























































346 Bulletin 0} the Bureau of Standards t Voi.g 

kerosene as a component of constant composition) varied so con¬ 
siderably on the addition of water as a third component as to 
give results comparing favorably with the most careful density 
determinations for a criterion of the water content of an alcohol- 
water mixture. This work was later substantiated by Andrews. 1167 
In the present work the results of Crismer were again substan¬ 
tiated and the valuation of this constant for alcohols containing 
very small amounts of water proved of considerable importance in 
testing the fractions of several of the distillates. The variation 
of the critical solution temperature as a function of the amount 
of water present is given in curves of Fig. 2, with a comparison 
of our own results with those of Vandam 1120 and Andrews 1167 
obtained with different kerosenes. 

Curve I (Fig. 2) represents the results of Vandam and Curve IV 
those of Andrews. They are in very good agreement. Curves II 
and III show the results of the present work. Only mixtures with 
small amounts of water were investigated. In order to make this 
physical constant of value over a large range of compositions, it 
would be necessary to have a series of oils so chosen as to keep 
the critical solution temperatures within the range of ordinary 
temperatures most easily observed. The variation for 1 per 
cent of water can be read from the curves. 

Curves II and III are for oils A and B, respectively (p. 347). 
The results indicate a large variation of the critical solution tem¬ 
perature caused by small quantities of water, and this variation is 
independent of the nature of the oil used. 

As pointed out by Crismer, the temperature requires to be deter¬ 
mined to o?o5 to give the same precision as density determina¬ 
tions to the fifth decimal place, which requires temperature regu¬ 
lation to o?oi or o?02 in making density determinations. As 
shown in Fig. 1, the critical concentration was determined by 
determining the solubility curves. The maxima of the solu¬ 
bility curves for alcohols containing small amounts of water are 
not shifted appreciably with respect to the alcohol-oil composi¬ 
tion. In Fig. 1, considering the concentration of the water as 
being measured along an axis perpendicular to the plane of the 
paper, the upper Curve III represents the projection of the real 


McKdvy] Density and Expansion of Alcohol 347 

solubility curve upon the plane of the paper, which is the zero 
water plane. 

Curve I (Fig. 1) shows the solubility curve obtained with oil B 
and alcohol V-2, a distillate shown in Table X. Curve II repre¬ 
sents the solubility relations of oil A and alcohol IX-5 of Table 
XIII. Curve III gives the curve for oil A and an alcohol IX-o 
before dehydration. Since the maximum of the curve is higher 
than the value given in Table XIII, the sample evidently absorbed 



Fig. 2 —Change of critical solution temperature with varying water content of ethyl alcohol 


additional moisture during the time between the two determina¬ 
tions. 

In the determination of the critical solution temperatures equal 
volumes (generally 5 cc) of the alcohol and the kerosene were 
placed in a small bulb, care being taken to exclude moisture. 
This was warmed to the region of complete miscibility and slowly 
cooled in a bath the temperature of which could be varied at any 
desired rate. At the critical solution temperature there is a 





























348 


IVol. 9 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

sharp cloud formation. No difficulty was experienced in repeat¬ 
ing observations to o?o5 C. In this system there was no dis¬ 
turbing critical opalescence at the critical concentration. In the 
solubility-curve determinations the end point was not so sharp 
for the concentrations containing a large percentage of oil. 

Kerosene is especially adapted for use as one of the components, 
since it can be so chosen or changed by mixing with lighter hydro¬ 
carbons that the value of the critical solution temperature will 
be such as to permit convenient temperature measurements. 
Two kerosenes were used, which will be designated as oil A and 
oil B. 

Oil A had a critical solution temperature with anhydrous alcohol 
of 28?3. Slow changes in this value took place when the oil was 
dried over sodium. It was found that a lower and more constant 
value could be obtained if the oil were dried over anhydrous 
calcium chloride. The changes are probably due to the chemical 
action of the sodium on the oil. 

Oil B was made by diluting oil A with a lower-boiling kerosene. 
With anhydrous alcohol it gave a critical solution temperature of 
about i8?o. The oil had a density at 25 0 of 0.8102, was dried 
over anhydrous calcium chloride, and its composition as deter¬ 
mined by check determinations with anhydrous alcohol*remained 
unchanged over a period of several months. The preliminary 
experimental work showed that equal volumes of the two liquids 
were sufficiently near the critical concentration to permit this 
concentration to be used for all determinations of the critical 
solution temperature of alcohols containing very small amounts 
of water and where the relative values are of most importance. 
The percentage concentration by weight of alcohol in such a 
mixture with oil B was 49.2 per cent. Examination of the curves 
will show this to differ very little from the critical concentration 
as shown by the maxima of the solubility curves. 

In certain of the experiments the values for the critical solution 
temperature are given in comparison with the density values. 

3. MATERIALS 

Purification and dehydration experiments were made on four 
samples of alcohol of different commercial origin. These will be 


McKeivy] Density and Expansion of Alcohol 349 

designated as samples A, B, C, and D. Sample A was purchased 
from Her & Co., The Willow Springs Distillery, Omaha, Nebr., and 
is known to the trade as “silk-finished spirits.” From density 
determinations, this alcohol showed a percentage strength by 
weight of 92.8, and it was used in most of the experimental work. 
An analysis made at this bureau gave the following results: 

Per cent. 


Aldehydes (as acetic aldehyde). o. 0027 

Methyl alcohol (Trillat 863 » 864 method and Mulliken and Scudder 895 > 922 » 1082 

method). None. 

Furfural. o. 00015 

Fusel oil (as amyl alcohol), Allen-Marquardt 389 method. o. 033 


No methyl alcohol was found by the same methods in the first 
distillate from 4 liters. Methods of analysis of Association of 
Official Agricultural Chemists 1285 were used. This analysis shows 
the sample to have a satisfactory purity for a material with which 
to start a further extended purification. 

Sample B, of approximately the same strength as sample A, was 
obtained from the Columbia Distilling Co., and showed a satis¬ 
factory purity. 

Sample C consisted of Squibb’s absolute alcohol, having a 
density of 0.78570 at 25 0 C., corresponding to 99.8 per cent on the 
basis of the Bureau of Standards tables. 1216 This alcohol was sev¬ 
eral years old, and qualitative tests showed it to contain consider¬ 
able aldehyde. It also possessed a foreign aromatic odor. 

Sample D consisted of Merck’s absolute alcohol Ph. IV, having a 
density of 0.78705 at 25 0 C., corresponding to 99.3 per cent. This 
sample contained considerable amounts of aldehyde, and was used 
directly in a final distillation without preliminary dehydration and 
purification. 

4. PURIFICATION AND TESTING FOR IMPURITIES 

In the preliminary purification attempts to remove the last 
traces of aldehyde by the method of Winkler 1087 were unsuccessful, 
both at ordinary and the boiling temperature. Considerable 
amounts were removed in this way, but no part of the distillate 
was found entirely free from aldehyde. No attempt was made to 
remove the higher boiling impurities other than water, except by 
rejecting the first and last tenths of the distillates. 






350 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [V0I.9 

Sample A was treated with silver oxide in alkaline solution 
under the reflux condenser for several hours and then distilled. 
Sample B was treated in the same manner in the presence of con¬ 
siderable amounts of lime, in order to dehydrate at the same time. 
Sample C was treated with silver oxide in alkaline solution at room 
temperatures, the clear liquid decanted and distilled, and then 
subjected to the final distillation. In all preliminary dehydra¬ 
tions the great bulk of the impurities were rejected in the first and 
last tenths of the distillate. With samples A and B it was possible 
by means of one dehydration with lime, in the proportion recom¬ 
mended by Kailan 1148 (550 grams per liter), to obtain large quan¬ 
tities of alcohol having a density of 0.78961 at 20° C, correspond¬ 
ing, according to the Bureau of Standards 1216 tables, to 99.9 per 
cent alcohol by weight. This still contained minute traces of alde¬ 
hyde, the impurity most easily detected. The method of aldehyde 
removal with metaphenylenediamine hydrochloride, suggested 
by Windisch 483 , was not used because of the danger of introducing 
into the alcohol even more objectionable impurities. The last 
traces of aldehyde were successfully removed by the method of 
Paul 778 . The alcohol was boiled for several days under a reflux 
condenser, coming in contact with nothing other than glass and 
dry air. The cooling water in the condenser was held at a tem¬ 
perature varying between 50° and 6o° C. The top of the con¬ 
denser was provided with an arrangement by means of which the 
more volatile constituents could be drawn off by means of a cur¬ 
rent of dry air. This arrangement is shown in Fig. 4. At the end 
of such a treatment, lasting two days, no more aldehyde could be 
found in the vapors drawn off and the most delicate tests failed to 
reveal it in the alcohol. During this procedure the alcohol did not 
change a determinable amount in density, as shown by determina¬ 
tions made before and after the experiment. There was some 
indication of aldehyde formation when the aldehyde-free alcohol 
was exposed to diffused daylight for a few horn's. After keeping 
in the dark for a week, tests showed about as much aldehyde as was 
present before the treatment. 

In general, it seemed that chemical methods for removing 
aldehyde depending upon its oxidation to the corresponding acid 
were useless in entirely removing the aldehyde. It seemed hardly 


McKeivy] Density and Expansion of Alcohol 351 

possible that an agent could be found which would oxidize alde¬ 
hyde completely without attacking* alcohol in the least. Agents 
such as silver nitrate, silver oxide, and potassium permanganate 
certainly fail. Metaphenylenediamine hydrochloride is very effi¬ 
cient in case a water-free alcohol is not desired. There has been 
very little work done on the efficiency of the opposite procedure— 
that is, reduction of the aldehyde to the corresponding alcohol. 
According to Wurtz 181 ethyl alcohol can be prepared by reducing 
acetaldehyde with sodium amalgam. It was hoped that in the 
use of aluminum amalgam as a dehydrating agent it would also 
prove a means of removing the last traces of aldehyde. In view 
of the consideration that a small quantity of aldehyde is probably 
formed in the dehydration and in view of the above experiment 
and additional ones to be given later, showing its small effect on 
the density, it was not deemed worth while to make absolutely 
sure that the dehydration experiments were started with a strictly 
aldehyde-free alcohol. 

In general, the final distillates were tested for the impurities 
likely to occur, such as aldehydes, the higher alcohols, ether, and 
water. A brief description of the procedures found most satis¬ 
factory follows. 

Tests for Aldehydes .—From among the various tests for the 
lower aldehydes the sulphite-fuchsine reaction was found to be 
the most sensitive and reliable. Ammoniacal silver solution, 
silver nitrate solution, the Windisch reaction, using metaphenyl¬ 
enediamine, and the Fischer-Penzoldt 410 test, using diazobenzene 
sulphonic acid, were not found satisfactory, either because of lack 
of sensitiveness or of the interfering action of the alcohol itself. 
The sulphite-fuchsine test as proposed by Schiff 209 and further 
developed by Gayon 493 and Paul 778 was found fairly satisfactory 
for small amounts of aldehyde in alcoholic solution. The reagent 
was made up according to the method of Paul 778 , using sulphurous 
acid to decolorize the fuchsine, and all tests were made with close 
adherence to his procedure. The relative results on the aldehyde 
content of the various fractions are given in some of the experi¬ 
ments. There is, however, some uncertainty as to the absolute 
amount of aldehyde present. In some fractions it was impossible 
to get a positive test for this impurity, and it is safe to say that 


352 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \V0L9 

in the fractions showing the strongest test the amount of alde¬ 
hyde was less than 0.001 per cent, and so of neglible effect on the 
density. Experiments made with water solution of formalde¬ 
hyde showed that by means of this reaction one part in a million 
could just be detected. The sensitiveness is decreased by the 
presence of alcohol on account of the uncertain action of pure 
alcohol itself on the reagent. 

J'ests for Higher Alcohols {Fusel Oil). —The quantities of any 
higher alcohols present were so small as to escape detection by 
any of the ordinary quantitative methods. After the preliminary 
purification and one distillation no color was given on standing 
for a week mixed with an equal volume of concentrated sulphuric 
acid. It was reasonably concluded that the alcohol was free from 
higher alcohols in any quantity sufficient to affect the density, 
outside the limits of the experimental error in its determination. 

Other Possible Impurities. —It was considered unlikely that ethyl 
ether was present, though theoretically a further treatment with 
a strong dehydrating agent could possibly take from the chemical 
compound ethyl alcohol (C 2 H 5 OH) the constituents of water, 
forming the ethyl oxide (C 2 H 5 ) 2 0 . In the absence of any reliable 
chemical test for small quantities of ether in the alcohol it was 
concluded that any appreciable quantity would, on account of its 
much lower boiling point, show in the first distillate and be recog¬ 
nized both by odor and by a different density. It was deemed 
unnecessary to consider testing for such unlikely impurities as 
methyl alcohol and acetone which could not be found in the 
original samples of alcohol. 

Tests for Water. —No specific chemical test for water in such 
small quantities as they existed in the distillates was found to be 
of any value. Mendeleeff 207 » 241 found barium oxide, zinc ethyl, 
and sodium amalgam unadapted to detect traces of moisture in 
alcohol. The test with lead-potassium iodide suggested by 
Biltz 1129 was found to be inapplicable to alcohol. Such agents 
as calcium carbide, anhydrous copper sulphate, and metallic 
calcium gave no indication of water with alcohols whose density 
at 25 0 C was below 0.78510. 

The determination of certain physical constants is the most 
satisfactory test for and criterion of the water content. The only 


McKeivy] Density and Expansion oj Alcohol 353 

objection to such criteria is the necessary assumption of the 
absence of other substances in quantities sufficient to affect the 
physical constant determined. Making this assumption then, 
the determination of physical constants becomes the only satis¬ 
factory method for determining quantities of water so small. 
Since this work has to do with the establishment of a firm basis 
for density alcoholometric tables, the determination of the density 
was taken to be the main criterion of the water content. 

A detailed description of the methods employed in the density 
determinations and the data on the determinations which were 
chosen as establishing the density of absolute alcohol will be 
found in part 3 of this paper (p. 405). It having been there shown 
that a knowledge of the condition of saturation of the alcohol 
with air is essential in order to use density as a criterion of dehy¬ 
dration, the densities given here are for alcohol saturated with 
air at the temperature of the determination. 

Some use was also made of the determination of the critical 
solution temperature as a second criterion. The best criterion of 
the attainment of a chemically pure anhydrous ethyl alcohol was 
the obtaining of a considerable sample, which on further treat¬ 
ment with the same dehydrating agent gave a distillate with the 
same density from beginning to end of distillation and a value 
very close to that obtained from various samples of alcohol and 
by using various efficient methods of dehydration. 

5. DEHYDRATION AND DISTILLATION OF THE ALCOHOL 

Dehydrating agents .—Such reagents as potassium carbonate, 
sodium amalgam, anhydrous copper sulphate, and calcium chlo¬ 
ride were rejected. Calcium carbide was not used because of the 
possibility of introducing organic impurities impossible to remove. 
On long contact with alcohol many decomposition products are 
formed. Lime with the addition of a small quantity of barium 
oxide was used in an exact duplication of Mendel^eff’s 207 > 241 treat¬ 
ment. The larger number of distillations were made with lime 
alone, using samples as obtained on the market, and also these 
same after being freshly ignited. Repeated distillation of the 
same sample of alcohol was made with this reagent. The effi¬ 
ciency of metallic calcium was also tested and found satisfactory 


354 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards lv<*. o 

when used in small amounts. Aluminum amalgam was used for 
the first time in a quantitative test of its efficiency and some of 
the best alcohol was obtained in this way. 

Apparatus and Procedure .—The various distillations were car¬ 
ried out in three types of apparatus. For convenience they will 
be designated by the letters L, M , and N. The first type of appa¬ 
ratus, L, was used in all preliminary distillations and some of the 
earlier ones of which the results are recorded. It consisted of a 
5-liter Jena flask provided with a 40-cm Hempel still-head filled 



with short pieces of glass tubing. To this was connected an 80-cm 
condenser provided with several interchangeable 500-cc flasks as 
receivers. These were amply protected from the moist air by 
means of calcium chloride tubes. The connections between the 
various parts were made with corks covered with tin foil and there 
was present the possibility of the introduction of appreciable 
impurities from these. The second type, M, was used in the dis¬ 
tillations carried out under reduced pressure. The necessary con¬ 
necting corks were in this case paraffined and the joints made 















McKehy J 


355 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 

tight by means of mercury seals. The distillations were made 
from 2 and 3 liter roupd-bottomed flasks. The pressure could be 
reduced to 80 mm, giving a boiling temperature of about 40° C. 

The third type, N, is shown in Fig. 3. In this apparatus the 
greatest efforts were made to exclude the possibility of moisture 
or other impurities being intro¬ 
duced . The stiff was made entirely 
of glass, the connecting joints 
being ground accurately. Dis¬ 
tillations were made from 3- and 
5-liter flasks into the 500-cc re¬ 
ceiver. Any fraction of the total 
distillate under 500 cc could be 
siphoned off. The entire system 
was protected from the entrance 
of moisture by calcium oxide 
guard tubes. Fig. 4 shows the 
reflux condenser, used in connec¬ 
tion with this apparatus, for the 
heating of .the alcohol with the 
dehydrating agent and the carry¬ 
ing out of Paul's procedure of 
removing the aldehyde or other 
volatile impurities. 

All preliminary distillations 
were made with apparatus L, dis¬ 
tilling from a water bath vary¬ 
ing in temperature between 8o° 
and 90°. All the distillations car¬ 
ried out with the hope of getting Flg ‘ 4 ‘~ Reflux apparatus 

an anhydrous alcohol were made from an oil bath consisting of a 
high grade and high boiling lubricating oil giving off no appre¬ 
ciable vapors below no°. The temperature of this bath, which 
w r as Seated electrically, varied in the experiments between 8o° and 
no°. 

The following precautions to prevent moisture absorption by the 
alcohol were taken in all the final experiments of which the results 

77398°—13 - 3 

















356 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards o 

are given. In all cases of heating under the reflux condenser the 
exit was provided with lime or calcium chloride guard tubes or a 
moving current of dry air. Immediately before putting the still 
head, with condenser and receiver attached, in place of the reflux 
condenser, the entire apparatus was swept out for io minutes by 
a stream of air thoroughly dried by passing through a calcium 
chloride drier, sulphuric acid, and over phosphorous pentoxide in 
succession. The only time during which the vapors of the alcohol 
came in contact with the outside air was during this transfer, 
which occupied about five seconds. All retainers for the distillate 
were swept out in the same way. The various fractions, in case 
they were not used at once, were always kept in tightly stoppered 
bottles inclosed in large lime desiccators. The alcohol at no time 
came in contact with moist air or any glass surface that had not 
been dried by means of a current of dry air. In a few distillations 
which will be mentioned small quantities of the dehydrating 
materials were placed in the still head so that the vapors of the 
alcohol would come in intimate contact with the same immediately 
before passing into the condenser. All dehydrating agents were 
made as nearly anhydrous as possible before any attempt was made 
to use them. The details of their preparation will be given under 
the separate experiments to be described. 

6 . EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS 

Fourteen separate dehydrations and distillations were made. 
These will be designated by Roman numerals. The following out¬ 
line of the subject matter of their description is given for the sake 
of clearness. For each of these it is proposed to give— 

1. Type of distilling apparatus used, the sample of alcohol used, 
its density, and, as far as needed, its previous history. 

2. The preparation of the dehydrating agent, the treatment of 
the alcohol in dehydrating, and any special features of the 
distillation. 

3. The results in a tabulated form, giving the number of frac¬ 
tions, their volume, the time occupied in their distillation, and 
their density at 25 0 compared with water at 4 0 , and the critical 
solution temperature when determined. Some density values at 
15 0 will be given. Considering the fact that a change in density 


McKeivy 1 Density and Expansion of Alcohol 357 

of 0.000010 corresponds to a temperature change of only o?oi2, 
the reader will not give undue significance to the sixth decimal 
place, which is here given for purposes of comparison. 

4. A short discussion of the more specialized features and 
results of a given experiment. 

Experiment I .—Three and one-half liters of alcohol from sam¬ 
ple A were distilled in apparatus L. This alcohol had been dehy¬ 
drated with lime and showed a density of 0.78961 at 20° C. It 
was also free from aldehydes. On standing for five days, pro¬ 
tected from daylight in contact with 700 g of ordinary commercial 
lime, it assumed a lemon-yellow color. About 100 g of barium 
oxide were added and the whole heated under the reflux con¬ 
denser for 10 horn's. The alcohol turned a deep brown color. 
Immediately before the distillation 50 g of finely powdered lime 
were added in order to take up any water produced by the too 
extensive formation of barium alcoholate. This formation of 
water was shown by Crismer. 1033 The barium oxide was added 
merely with the purpose of carrying out one distillation, following 
as closely as possible the procedure of Mendeleeff. 207 > 241 Subse¬ 
quent experiments show that it can be dispensed with, and it is 
certainly undesirable^ to have such extensive reactions, foreign to 
the purpose of dehydration, going on during the process. 


TABLE VI 
Results of Experiment I 


Sample 

Volume 

Time 


Original. 

cc 

3500 

hrs 

0. 78535 

Fraction: 

1 . 

1000 

9 

. 785153 

2 . 

500 

3 

. 785081 

3. 

500 

3 

. 785066 

4. 

350 

2 

. 785062 

5. 

300 

6 

.785063 

6 . 

350 

9 

.785061 

7. 

250 

2 

. 785060 

8 ...*. 

125 

3 

. 785072 


Though the original alcohol used was entirely free from alde¬ 
hyde, small quantities were found in all the distillates with the 


















358 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Voi.Q 

minimum amounts in the middle fractions. Evidently they were 
produced during the dehydration process. In no case was the 
content above 0.001 per cent. This experiment is a very satis¬ 
factory reproduction of the work of Mendeleeff, the results agree¬ 
ing with his as to the value of the density, but at the same time 
showing a much greater uniformity in the various fractions. 
While the last fraction was being distilled the oil bath was at a 
temperature of ioo°. This fact, in conjunction with later experi¬ 
ments, shows that the temperature of the heating bath has little 
to do with the composition of the distillates when distilling a 
nearly anhydrous alcohol, provided it does not exceed no°. 
Within the limits tried the rate of distillation seems to have no 
disturbing influence. The rate was varied from 40 to 175 cc per 
hour without any significant change in the density values. 

Experiment II .—Three liters of sample A, having a density of 
0.78961 at 20 0 C, after preliminary dehydration, were treated with 
lime, duplicating as closely as possible the procedure of Messrs. 
Squibb. 433 The distillation was carried out in apparatus M under 
reduced pressure, varying between 80 and 100 mm, necessitating 
a bath temperature between 35 0 and 45°. Air-slaked lime in 
powdered condition was ignited at a red heat for 10 hours and let 
cool in dry air. This, with some large pieces of freshly ignited 
lime, aggregating about 400 g per liter of alcohol, was rotated in 
the cold for three days and let stand for six weeks with frequent 
shaking. The clear lemon-colored liquid was siphoned off and 
distilled. 

TABLE VII • 

Results of Experiment II 


Sample 

Volume 

Time 


Original. 

cc 

3000 

hrs 

0. 78535 

.785097 

Fraction: 

1 . 

500 

1 

2. 

500 

1 

. 785088 

3. 

500 

3 

. 785085 

4. 

500 

3 

.785107 

5. 

500 

3 

.785101 


The fractions from this distillation contained traces of aldehyde. 
By dehydration and treatment essentially similar to that described 















McKehy) Density and Expansion of Alcohol 359 

by Messrs. Squibb, it was not possible to duplicate the low values 
gotten by them for the density of anhydrous alcohol. The values, 
on the other hand, agree with those obtained by other investiga¬ 
tors using a great variety of dehydrating agents. The slightly 
higher values of all the fractions may be due to their containing 
less dissolved air. 

Experiment III .—One liter of lot C of Squibb’s manufacture, 
after the preliminary purification had reduced the foreign odor 
and removed the bulk of the aldehyde content, was treated with 
400 g of freshly ignited lime in apparatus N. It was subjected 
to Paul’s 778 treatment in order to remove any of the more volatile 
constituents still remaining. 


TABLE VIII 
Results of Experiment III 


Sample 

Volume 

Time 

D? 

Original. 

cc 

1000 

hrs 

0 . 78570 

Fraction: 

1. 

500 

3 

. 785072 

2. 

200 

1 

. 785070 


The results of this experiment show the efficacy of Paul’s pro¬ 
cedure in removing the lower boiling impurities. In the distil¬ 
lates the foreign odor and the aldehyde were just noticeable. 
The values are very close to what appears to be the normal one. 

Experiment IV .—This experiment was intended to represent 
our best efforts in obtaining a pure anhydrous alcohol and was 
carried out with every precaution that occurred to us. Three 
and three-tenths liters of mixed distillates from previous experi¬ 
ments were treated in apparatus N with 500 g of lime made from 
marble. This lime was ignited for 10 hours in an electrical 
resistance furnace at from 6oo° to 700°. After the mixture had 
been left standing for three days at room temperature, with fre¬ 
quent shaking and after the addition of 25 g of powdered lime 
that had been ignited to 900° for 24 hours, the whole was heated 
under the reflux for 10 hours. The same amount was added 
immediately before distilling. A considerable quantity of small 












[Vol.Q 


360 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

chips, ignited in the same way, was put into the still head and the 
distillation begun before the alcohol had cooled. Fractions were 
taken directly from the receiver into the tube in which the den¬ 
sity determinations were made. The distillate was so divided 
into fractions as to show the possible differences in the physical 
properties of its parts to best advantage. 

The results show the distillate to have been very nearly uni¬ 
form throughout. The density at 25 0 of fraction 2 on keeping 
for several months in a glass-stoppered bottle in a lime desiccator 
that was frequently opened changed to 0.785088, representing an 
absorption of 0.006 per cent moisture, assuming no other changes 
in the alcohol of such a nature as to influence the density. 


TABLE IX 

Results of Experiment IV 


Sample 

Volume 

Time 


Original. 

cc 

3300 

hrs 

0. 785116 

Fraction: 

1. 

120 

0. 5 

. 785097 

A. 

450 

1. 5 

2. 

120 

. 5 

. 785069 

B. 

500 

1. 0 

3. 

120 

. 5 

. 785058 

C. 

350 

. 5 

4 . 

120 

.5 

. 785056 

D.. 

350 

1. 0 

5. 

120 

. 5 

. 785050 

E. 

400 

1. 0 

6. 

450 

1.0 

. 785054 



Omitting the density value of the first fraction the various 
fractions have the same density to within two units in the fifth 
decimal place. 

Experiment V .—Four liters of sample B, comprising the middle 
fractions from the preliminary dehydration and purification, were 
added to the residues and lime of Experiment IV in the same 
apparatus. 

Heating under the reflux was continued for a week with the 
water in the reflux between 50° and 6o°. The still head contain¬ 
ing the chipped lime was again used. 





















McKelvy] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 
TABLE X 

Results of Experiment V 


361 


Sample 

Volume 

Time 


Fraction: 

cc 

hrs 


1 . 

400 

1 


2. 

1000 

3 

0. 785051 

3. 

2100 

4 

.785101 

4. 

200 

1 



These distillates contained no aldehyde. They were used in 
subsequent experiments to test the effect of successive dehydra¬ 
tions and the use of calcium. Freshly ignited lime does not seem 
to be necessary in order to obtain an alcohol of very low density. 

Experiment VI .—The third fraction of 2000 cc from Experiment 
V was distilled from apparatus N. This alcohol was treated with 
about 400 g of commercial lime taken from large pieces and the 
whole heated under the reflux for 18 hours. The middle fraction 
of 1250 cc showed a density of 0.785058 at 25 0 . 

It appears from this experiment that a repetition of the dehy¬ 
dration even with commercial lime reduced the density of the 
alcohol product considerably. 

Experiment VII .—The middle fraction of Experiment VI was 
treated with 150 g of chipped lime that had been ignited at 900° 
for 10 hours. This was heated under the reflux for 18 hours and 
then distilled in apparatus N. 


TABLE XI 

Results of Experiment VII 


Sample 

Volume 


Original. 

cc 

1250 

0. 7S5058 

Fraction: 

1 . 

120 

. 785064 

A. 

250 

2 . 

120 

. 785059 

B. 

120 

3 . 

120 

. 785060 
























[Vol. 9 


362 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

This is the final of three successive dehydrations of the same 
sample of alcohol with lime. The value remains essentially 
unchanged and the separate fractions show a remarkable agree¬ 
ment in their densities, indicating the purity and uniformity of 
the alcohol. It seems that this distillate represents the best 
results obtainable with lime as a dehydrating agent, and also 
from the standpoint of uniformity of the different parts of the 
distillate. It is probable that this alcohol is freer from impuri¬ 
ties than any obtained in this work with the possible exception 
of the distillates of Experiment XII. 

Experiment VIII .—The combined fractions from Experiment 
VII, aggregating about 750 cc, were treated in apparatus N , 
with 6 g of metallic calcium and let stand over night. The cal¬ 
cium acted upon the alcohol with hydrogen evolution giving a 
white crystalline alcoholate, which went into solution on raising 
the temperature. 

TABLE XII 

Results of Experiment VIII 


Sample 

Volume 

Time 

d 2 £ 

Original. 

cc 

750 

hrs 

0. 785061 

Fraction: 

1 . 

250 

3 

. 785081 

2 . 

250 

1.5 

. 785072 

3. 

200 

2 

. 785080 


The table shows a slight increase in the density results. This 
can not be certainly ascribed to an increase in the water content. 
It may easily be due to a variation in the condition with regard 
to air saturation caused by the calcium treatment or to the for¬ 
mation of a small quantity of some other substance. The resi¬ 
dues in the flask were brownish. The distillation was carried 
almost to dryness. Other investigators have found smaller 
amounts of calcium more efficient than large amounts. The 
value obtained for the density by use of this agent is lower than 
that obtained by other investigators, excepting Klason and 
Norlin. 1109 Results indicate that lime is more efficient than 
metallic calcium. 













McKelvy ] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 


363 


Experiment IX .—Four liters of sample D without preliminary 
dehydration and purification were treated with 400 g of recently 
ignited lime per liter of alcohol. This was let stand for several 
weeks with frequent shaking. As in the other cases of dehy¬ 
drating with lime, a lemon yellow color appeared, deepening 
finally to a brown. No attempt was made to remove the alde¬ 
hyde by chemical means. The whole was subjected to Paul’s 778 
treatment of boiling under the reflux for about two days. Distil¬ 
lation was carried out in apparatus N after adding about 25 g of 
freshly ignited powdered lime. 

TABLE XIII 


Results of Experiment IX 


Sample 

Volume 

Time 

< 

Critical 

solution 

temperature 


cc 

hrs 


°C 

Original. 

4000 


0. 787048 

37.60 

Fraction: 




1 . 

120 

1.5 

. 785128 

18. 45 

A. 

500 

1 . 5 



2 . 

150 

.5 

. 785078 

18. 25 

B. 

500 

1. 5 



3. 

200 

. 5 

. 785067 

18. 30 

C. 

500 

2.0 


18. 25 

4. 

120 

.5 


18. 10 

D . 

500 

3.0 


18. 20 

5. 

150 

3.0 

. 785048 

18. 17 

E. 

500 

3. 5 


18. 15 

6 .. 

500 

6.5 

. 785101 

18. 30 


In the last column are given the values of the critical solution 
temperature. The relative values of this constant found for the 
different fractions are somewhat irregular, but in general follow 
the density values. By one dehydration with lime of a commer¬ 
cial absolute alcohol as above it is possible to get a middle portion 
of the distillate showing the density value of anhydrous alcohol. 
This alcohol from a different commercial source furnishes anhy¬ 
drous alcohol of essentially the same physical properties as the 
other samples examined. 

Experiment X .—The three following experiments were made, 
using activated aluminum (aluminum amalgam) as dehydrating 
agent. There are several statements in the literature regarding 
its efficacy, but no quantitative experimental data. 




























[Vol.Q 


364 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

One liter of sample A, having a density of 0.78535 at 25 0 , after 
the preliminary dehydration, was treated with 10 g of aluminum 
amalgam. The distillation was carried out in apparatus M under 
reduced pressure. The amalgam was prepared as recommended 
by Wislicenus and Kaufmann 750 by etching aluminum wire with 
sodium hydroxide solution and then treating with a dilute solu¬ 
tion of mercuric chloride. The amalgam, after washing with 
alcohol and ether and subsequent drying, was let stand with the 
alcohol over night. There was an abundant formation of the 
insoluble alcoholate with copious hydrogen evolution. 


TABLE XIV 
Results of Experiment X 


Sample 

Volume 

Time 


Original. 

cc 

1000 

hrs 

0. 78535 

Fraction: 

1. 

500 

4 

.785112 

2. 

300 

2 

. 785077 

3. 

100 

1 

. 785088 



Twenty cubic centimeters of fraction 2 were added to fraction 
3 to give sufficient volume for the determination of the density. 

Experiment XL —One liter of the same sample as used in the 
previous experiment was treated with 10 g of amalgam and let 
stand for three weeks. This amalgam was made by heating the 
wire in mercury up to the boiling point of the latter. The dis¬ 
tillation was carried out in apparatus M under reduced pressure. 
After rejecting the first 50 cc the middle fraction of 400 cc showed 
a density, at 25 0 , of 0.785089. 

Experiment XII .—Two and one-half liters of sample A, after 
preliminary purification, were treated with amalgam made from 
25 g of aluminum wire. The alcohol was kept boiling for a week 
under a reflux condenser containing water varying in temperature 
between 50° and 6o°. No aldehyde was contained in the vapors 
drawn off at the end of this treatment. Immediately before dis¬ 
tilling in apparatus N some freshly amalgamated wire was placed 
in the still head. 














McKeivy] Density and Expansion of Alcohol 365 


TABLE XV 

Results of Experiment XII 


Sample 

Volume 

D? 

Original. 

cc 

2500 

0. 78535 

Fraction: 

1. 

250 

. 785056 

2. 

250 

. 785068 

3. 

500 

. 785051 

4. 

350 

. 785051 

5. 

250 

. 785061 

6. 

300 

. 785056 



The alcohol obtained in this experiment represents a pure 
liquid within the limits set by the sensitiveness of the density 
determination as a criterion of purity. The density results agree 
very closely with those obtained by other methods of dehydration. 
All the fractions were practically free from aldehyde. The 
amalgam may act as a reducing agent, converting aldehyde into 
the corresponding alcohol or at least preventing any formation of 
aldehyde during the dehydration. 

Experiment XIII .—In order to furnish anhydrous alcohol for a 
check series of density determinations of mixtures given in part 4, 
two additional distillations were made. 

Two liters of a mixture made from fractions of various distilla¬ 
tions of lots A and B (IV, 1; V, 4; VI, 1; XII, 1, 6) were treated 
with 200 g of freshly ignited lime. The alcohol was let stand for 
10 days with frequent shaking. The clear liquid was siphoned off 
with careful exclusion of moist air and treated under the reflux 
condenser for a day after adding 50 g of freshly ignited, air- 
slaked lime which was in a very fine state of division. The water 
in the reflux was held at about 6o° and the more volatile con¬ 
stituents were removed by means of a moving current of dry air 
led into the top of the condenser. Fifty grams additional of 
powdered lime were added immediately before distilling. Appa¬ 
ratus N was used with the receiver directly sealed to the con¬ 
denser. The densities of the various fractions were determined 
at 15 0 in order to give a direct comparison with the results of 
Mendeleeff. The critical solution temperature was followed 
closely. 














366 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 
TABLE XVI 

Results of Experiment XIII 


[Vol. 9 



Volume 

< 

Critical 

solution 

temperature 

Original. 

cc 

2050 


°C 

17.95 

Fraction: 

1. 

20 


17.95 

2. 

120 

0. 793619 

17.83 

3 . 

250 

17.82 

4. 

120 

. 793608 

17.82 

5 .... 

130 

17.82 

6. 

150 

. 793614 

17.85 

7. 

250 

17.85 

8. 

250 

. 793615 

17.78 

9. 

50 

17.75 




Fraction 4 near the middle of the distillate shows the lowest 
density. The critical solution temperature showed a small 
decrease as the distillation proceeded and indicated a decreasing 
water content on the assumption of the absence of other impuri¬ 
ties. The differences are hardly significant and the results show 
a satisfactory agreement with the other experiments. The 
density of absolute alcohol at 15 0 is somewhat higher than the 
corrected result of Mendeleeff. 

Experiment XIV .—Fractions from the various distillations 
(V, 2; IX, 2, 6, C; XIII, 2, 4, 8, 9) were combined and treated with 
lime as given under Experiment XIII. The same distilling 
apparatus was also used. Density determinations were made at 
15 0 and 25 0 . 

TABLE XVII 
Results of Experiment XIV 


Sample 



Critical 

solution 

temperature 

Fraction: 

1. 



°C 

17.10 

17.10 

17.10 

17.05 

17.05 

2. 



3. 

0. 793596 
. 793595 

0. 785049 
. 785058 

4. 

5. 

6. 










































UcKdvy\ Density and Expansion of Alcohol 367 

Judging from the results obtained in the determination of the 
critical solution temperature, there is practically no separation of 
the alcohol into fractions of different physical properties. The 
densities obtained are slightly below the mean values obtained 
in the previous experiments. It is interesting to compare the 
expansion of fractions 3 and 4 between 15 0 and 25 0 with the value 
called for by the formula obtained in part 2. Here the value for 
D'^r — D^ is found to be 0.008547 for fraction 3 and 0.008537 
for fraction 4, while the formula difference is 0.00854. 

7. EFFECT OF IMPURITIES ON THE DENSITY 

A study was then made of the effect of small concentrations of 
possible impurities on the density of anhydrous alcohol and on 
the critical solution temperature with kerosene mixtures. The 
effect of acetaldehyde and ethyl ether was studied. Some data 
were also obtained on the effect of dissolved air. (See p. 407.) 

The lower aldehydes, principally acetaldehyde, are the most 
persistent impurities in alcohol, notwithstanding their much lower 
boiling points. While tests showed that acetaldehyde was not 
present in amounts sufficient to affect the density appreciably, yet 
it was deemed worth while to determine the direction and amount 
of this effect. Acetaldehyde was made by oxidizing alcohol with 
chromic-sulphuric acid mixture, then purified and dehydrated by 
distilling twice from anhydrous calcium chloride. Immediately 
before making the mixtures the vapor was passed over calcium 
chloride before condensation. The mixtures were made up by 
weighing directly. Table XVIII shows the results obtained. 


TABLE XVIII 

Effect of Acetaldehyde on Density 


Mixture 

Acetaldehyde 


Increase in 
density 

Anhydrous alcohol XH 3 . 

Per cent 
0.00 

0. 785101 

0 . 000000 

1 

.023 

. 785144 

. 000043 

2 

. 140 

.785394 

. 000293 

3 

.466 

.786030 

. 000929 










368 Bulletin o) the Bureau of Standards L 9 

The aldehyde in mixture 2 could be plainly recognized by odor. 
Mixture 1 diluted with alcohol to 10 times its volume still gave a 
strong test for aldehyde by means of the sulphite-fuchsine reaction. 
Ramsay 338 found 0.7771 to be the density of acetaldehyde at 21 0 ,. 
this temperature being its boiling point. Small variations of the 
density of the fractions in certain experiments may be due to 
small quantities of aldehyde. It may be interesting to note the 
concordance in the various fractions of Experiment XII where 
aluminum amalgam was used as dehydrating agent and might act 
as a reducing agent converting the aldehyde into alcohol. One 
per cent aldehyde lowers the critical solution temperature o?5. 

Very small quantities of ether are not open to detection by 
chemical means because of its resistivity toward chemical reagents 
in general. One would expect the bulk of any ether present to 
collect in the first fraction on distillation and to be recognizable 
either by odor or its effect on the density or other physical proper¬ 
ties. A few mixtures of known ether content were made up and 
their density determined. The ether was purified by shaking 
with dilute sodium hydroxide solution and then washed thoroughly 
with water to remove the alcohol. After several days’ drying 
over anhydrous calcium chloride it was distilled from sodium 
wire immediately before use. The mixtures were made up by 
direct weighing. 

TABLE XIX 

Effect of Ethyl Ether on Density 


Mixture 

Ether 


Change 

in 

density 

Anhydrous alcohol, IV 6 . 

Per cent 

0. 00 

0. 785091 



.060 

. 785070 

-0. 000021 

2 

. 185 

. 785019 

- .000072 


For small amounts of ether in alcohol the results show thato.i 
per cent lowers the density 0.00004. Both mixtures on standing 
gave a strong odor of ether. Young 986 suggests the possibility 
that the low density results obtained by Messrs. Squibb 433 may 
be due to the presence of ether. Assuming the same rate of 










McKdvyi Density and Expansion of Alcohol 369 

decrease to hold and taking 0.78506 as the correct value for the 
density of anhydrous alcohol at 25°, it would take approximately 
0.9 per cent ethyl ether to give their low value. This amount 
could hardly escape detection. One per cent ether lowers the 
critical solution temperature 2?i. 

8. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 

The distillates obtained in Experiments IV and XII answer all 
the requirements as to purity, judged by the constancy of the 
physical property determined. That they were not mixtures 
showing constant physical properties is indicated from the fact 
that the density results agreed even when different dehydrating 
agents were used. That the density of the distillate remained 
essentially unaltered when the distillation was carried on under 
reduced pressure is additional evidence on this point. 

Concerning the freedom from impurities other than water in the 
distillates showing densities, at 25°, of 0.78506 ±0.00001, the 
following is to be said: (1) The fact that fractions of the same 
density were obtained from samples of different origin points to 
either a removal of all the significant amounts of impurities or a 
retention of these impurities in fixed amounts even though using 
different methods of purification; (2) the good agreement found 
in the density of the mixtures made up from the distillates and 
mixtures of distillates with densities showing water content from 
0.01 to 0.05 per cent, and from different alcohols, indicates a uni¬ 
formity in the alcohol characteristic of a pure substance within 
our present methods of determination. 

III. SUMMARY OF RESULTS 

1. No difficulty was experienced in obtaining alcohol contain¬ 
ing only one-tenth of 1 per cent of water by dehydrating with 
lime. The dehydration proceeded more rapidly at the boiling 
temperature of the alcohol. The bulk of the impurities other than 
water were removed by the rejection of the first and last tenths 
of the distillate in the preliminary distillation. 

2. Chemical methods for removing the last traces of the lower 
aldehydes were found to be unsatisfactory. This was accomplished 
by the method of Paul. 778 Results indicated that minute quan- 


370 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [v<*.q 

tities of aldehydes are produced during the procedure of dehydra¬ 
tion and distillation. These quantities can just be detected 
chemically and were so small as to have no measurable effect on 
the physical constants determined. 

3. An alcohol was obtained which on a further dehydration was 
not lowered in density and on distillation gave fractions showing 
the same density within the experimental errors of the determina¬ 
tion. Practically the same density value, 0.78506 at 25 0 , was 
obtained by using calcium oxide and activated aluminum, and 
this value is only slightly lower than the results of the more care¬ 
ful previous experimenters. The two dehydrating agents men¬ 
tioned were equally satisfactory in removing the last traces of 
water. Slightly higher density values were obtained when cal¬ 
cium was used. 

4. By a repetition of Mendeleeff’s 207 > 241 procedure used in dehy¬ 
drating alcohol a distillate showing about the same density value 
was obtained. The various fractions of the distillate showed 
greater uniformity in density than in his work. A repetition of 
the work of Messrs. Squibb in its essential details failed to pro¬ 
duce alcohol showing the same low density values obtained by 
them. 

5. Small amounts of acetaldehyde increased, while small 
amounts of ether decreased the density of ethyl alcohol. It was 
shown that Squibb’s 433 low density values can not be ascribed 
to the presence of ethyl ether. 

6. In substantiation of the work of Crismer 1033 and Andrews 1167 
the value of the critical solution temperature as a method for 
detecting small amounts of water in alcohol was demonstrated 
and shown to have approximately the same sensitiveness as 
density determinations to one unit in the fifth decimal place. 


f 


PART 2 


THERMAL EXPANSION OF MIXTURES OF ETHYL 
ALCOHOL AND WATER 

By N. S. Osborne 

Part 2 consists of the determination of the thermal expansion 
between io° C and 40° C of 12 mixtures of alcohol and water, and 
the derivation of the coefficients for calculating, between these 
limits of temperature, the density of any mixture of alcohol and 
water. 

IV. DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK 

1. METHOD OF DETERMINATION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF APPA¬ 
RATUS 

Twelve mixtures whose thermal expansions were investigated 
were made of approximately integral percentages for conven¬ 
ience, and the concentrations chosen were such as would facilitate 
interpolation of results. The density of each mixture was twice 
determined at each of the following temperatures: io°, 15 0 , 20°, 
25 0 , 30°, 35 0 , and 40° C, one series starting with the lower and one 
with the higher temperature. The density determinations were 
made by the hydrostatic weighing method—that is, by weighing 
in the liquid a sinker of known mass and volume. 

The arrangement of apparatus is shown in Figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8. 
The densimeter tube containing the liquid under investigation 
and the immersed sinker E is shown in Fig. 5. A special cap was 
used for closing the densimeter tube when weighings were not 
being made. This cap consists of a brass cover “ a, ” fitted to the 
tube by a soft rubber bushing. Through the center of the cover 
is a hole, which may be closed by a tightly fitting brass plug. To 
the upper and lower faces of this plug is attached the suspension 
wire. The arrangement is shown in Fig. 5. When weighings are 
in progress, the suspension is as shown at the right, access of the 
outer air being only through the hole in the cap. When not 
77398°—13-4 37 1 


[Vol. 9 


* 


372 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 



Fig. Densimeter tube Fig. 6 (. one-fourth size) Fig. 8 (one-eighth size) 

(< one-third size) ' 

















































































Osborne] Density and Expansion of Alcohol 373 

observing, this hole is closed by the plug, as shown at the left, in 
order to avoid unnecessary changes in concentration of the liquid, 
caused by evaporation of the alcohol or by absorption of water 
vapor from the air. In Figs. 6 and 7 the densimeter tube H is 
shown fixed in place in the inner water bath. 

The water in the inner bath is kept in constant circulation by 
the propeller 7 . This bath is immersed in an outer bath kept in 
constant circulation by means of a motor-driven turbine N placed 
outside the bath. The temperature of this outer bath is main¬ 
tained constant or changed at Will by means of the electric heat¬ 
ing coil O surrounding the return pipe and by the tubular coil P 
connected with the refrigerating brine supply maintained at a 
temperature below o° C. The flow of brine in this coil is adjusted 
by means of a valve, not shown. The flow of water in the circu¬ 
lating apparatus may, by means of the special valve Q, be directed 
entirely through the cooling chamber, directly through the cir¬ 
culating turbine, or divided, part going either way at will, thus 
regulating the quantity of heat removed from the system by the 
brine. The cooling is made slightly in excess of the heat acquired 
from the surrounding air and that produced by the circulation, 
the balance being maintained by means of the heating coil. 

This coil, which has a resistance of 10 ohms, is made of 
4 ‘advance” ribbon, wound over mica on the brass tube through 
which the return flow takes place. It is used both for regulation 
of temperature and for rapid heating when changing the tempera¬ 
ture. For regulation it is connected in series with a variable 
resistance composed of a sliding contact wire rheostat and a 
bank of parallel connected lamps. As a shunt on this variable 
resistance is connected another lamp bank in the circuit of which 
is a relay operated by the thermo regulator R. The bulb of this 
thermo regulator is the tubular copper coil 5 , containing about 
40 cc of xylol. 

A rise in temperature closes an electric circuit, the relay is thus 
energized, the shunt circuit broken, and the current in the heat¬ 
ing coil diminished. When the temperature falls sufficiently, this 
action is reversed. The sensibility of the regulation varies 
according to the conditions. Under the most adverse conditions 
the regulating energy used in the heating coil was from 100 watts 


374 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Voi.o 

to 140 watts and maintained the outer bath constant within 
o°.05 C. Under the best conditions the energy varied from 10 
to 20 watts, keeping the temperature of the bath constant within 
o°.oi C. The periodic variation in temperature of the outer bath 
was in either case far too rapid to produce any perceptible change 
in the inner bath. For rapid heating when changing the tempera¬ 
ture in the ascending series, the small regulating current was 
replaced, using a double-throw switch, by a heavy current supply¬ 
ing about 1500 watts in the heating coil. 

The outer bath as first arranged is shown in Fig. 7. It is con¬ 
tained in a rectangular tank with plate-glass walls and brass 
bottom and top. The insulation consisted of two layers of heavy 
cardboard with cotton between. The water enters at T and leaves 
at U, thus insuring complete circulation. Owing to the repeated 
difficulty on account of leakage of the joints, this tank was replaced 
by a double-walled glass cylindrical vacuum jacket as shown in 
Fig. 8. The top was closed by a brass cap cemented to the glass. 
The water entered by two tubes extending to the bottom and left 
by two tubes at the top. The greatest difficulty, with this con¬ 
tainer for the outer bath was th^ distortion of the image of the 
thermometers, owing to the cylindrical surface. This was reme¬ 
died by cementing a plane glass plate to the outside surface, form¬ 
ing a cell which when filled with water corrected most of the aberra¬ 
tion. To exclude radiation the cylinder was covered with nickel 
paper. This vacuum jacket was used principally for the determi¬ 
nations of density of the mixtures of known proportions at constant 
temperature and was employed for the thermal expansion of only 
one mixture, 5 III. 

The temperatures were observed on two mercury thermometers 
suspended in water in a tube placed in a position in the inner bath 
symmetrical to that of the densimeter tube. On Fig. 8 only the 
upper part of this tube is shown. The holders for the thermome¬ 
ters permitted their rotation and also allowed either of the two to 
be brought into position for reading. They were read by means 
of a microscope of long focus which could be moved vertically by 
means of a rack and pinion. 

The reason for placing the thermometers in a tube of water 
instead of directly in contact with the inner bath was to minimize 



Fig. 7 .—Apparatus for determination of density and thermal expansion ( one-sixth siee) 


77398°—13. (To face page 374.) 






































































































































































































































































































































































Osborne] 


375 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 

the error from temperature lag when bringing the temperature to 
constancy before observing. The containing tube was slightly 
larger and thicker walled than the densimeter tube; hence when 
the thermometers indicated a constant temperature it could be 
assumed that the liquid in the densimeter tube was at the same 
constant temperature. In the observations for thermal expan¬ 
sion economy of time did not permit an absolutely constant tem¬ 
perature to be attained, but the observed variation during a 
density observation extending over about six minutes never 
exceeded o°.02 and, with but few exceptions, was always rising. 
Thus the relative error due to lag in the temperatures of the 
determinations was small, probably less than o°.oi except in few 
instances, and may be regarded as accidental and eliminated in 
the adjusted results. Examinations of the residuals obtained 
justifies this assumption. 

2. THERMOMETERS USED 

Five thermometers were used in this work; they are described 
in Table XX. 

TABLE XX 


Ther¬ 
mome¬ 
ter No. 


Date of 
manu¬ 
facture 


Kind of glass 


Range of scale 


Length 
of 1° 


4653 

2040 

264 

2499 

15938 

15940 


Tonnelot 
Haak... 
Richter.. 
Green... 
Baudin.. 
.do... 


1906 

1902 

1907 

1903 
1903 


Verre durre.. 
Jena 16 in .... 

_do. 

— do. 

Verre durre.. 


—2°.9 C to +40°.5 C 

/—1 to +1°C. 

\+10 to +31°C. 

/—0.4 to +0°.4 C- 

\+31.5 to +44° C.... 

J—0.5 to +0°.5C_ 

\+9to +31°.5C. 

J+31.5 to +32°.5 F... 
1+89.1 to +115°.6 F .. 

/+31.5 to +32.°5 F ... 
\+88.9 to + 115°.8F . 


} 4.8 
} 8.0 
} 7.5 

} 7 ' 2 
} 7.2 


Solid, clear stem 


r closed, white 
scale 


/Solid, white back 
\ stem 


Do. 

Do. 


All the thermometers were subdivided in tenth-degree divisions. 

No. 4653 was repaired in 1909 and the bulb reannealed. This 
thermometer was used in all of the experimental work at every 
temperature. Nos. 15938 and 15940 were used only for the ther¬ 
mal expansion of 5 III at 35 0 and 40° C. For this same mixture 
No. 2499 was used at io°, 15 0 , 20°, 25 0 , and 30° C. For the ther- 


























376 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [V01.9 

mal expansion of all the other mixtures No. 2040 was used at io°, 
15 0 , 20 0 , 25 0 , and 30° C, and No. 264 was used at 35 0 and 40° C. 
Every temperature was observed on two thermometers, one 
always being No. 4653. 

The thermometers were calibrated at the points io°, 15 0 , 20°, 
25 0 , 30°, 35 0 , and 40° C by comparison with the primary mercu¬ 
rial standards of the bureau. In the use of the thermometers 
their ice points were observed after the determination at each 
temperature, and the corrections to be applied to the observed 
temperature were deduced from the ice point reading and the 
calibration corrections. The corrected temperatures are in ac¬ 
cordance with the international hydrogen scale. 

3. DESCRIPTION OF SINKER 

The sinker used in all hydrostatic weighings in this article is 
designated No. 7. It is made of Jena 16 111 glass. The length 
over all is 33 cm; the outside diameter is 13 mm. The platinum 
hook D, weighing 0.5327 g, while not permanently sealed to the 
ring, is considered as a part of the sinker as regards mass and 
volume. This sinker, which is ballasted with mercury, was made 
in May, 1908, and was annealed at 450° C before sealing. 

The mass as determined at intervals during the progress of the 
work is given in Table XXI. 

TABLE XXI 

Determinations of Mass of Sinker No. 7 

Observed mass (grams) 


October 22 , 1909 . 99.9991 

Do... 99 . 9991 

Do. 99 . 9990 

Do. 99 . 9990 

March 19 , 1910 . 99 . 9994 

Do. 99 . 9987 

Do.:. 99.9990 

Do. 99 . 9989 

Do. 99 . 9988 

Do. 99 . 9989 

June 16, 1910 . 99. 9991 

Do. 99. 9986 

Do. 99. 9991 

Do. 99 . 9989 

Mean. 99. 9990 

















Osborne) 


377 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 


The volume of the sinker was determined by weighing in dis¬ 
tilled water from which the air had been removed. Table XXII 
gives the determinations of volume made previous to the use of 
sinker. The results are based on the value of Chappuis 1132 for 
the expansion of water, using 99.9990 g for the mass of the sinker. 

TABLE XXII 

Determinations of Volume and Thermal Expansion of Sinker No. 7 


Date 

Observed 
mean tem¬ 

Observed 

mean 

Reduction to integral 
temperature 

Calculated 

Observa¬ 

tions 


perature 

volume 

t 

v» 

V, 

1909 

Oct. 22. 

3. 93 

ml 

47. 6958 

4 

ml 

47. 6957 

ml 

47. 6956 

8 

Oct. 21. 

10. 247 

47. 7024 

10 

47. 7019 

47. 7020 

8 

Do. 

20. 136 

47. 7131 

20 

.47. 7128 

47. 7128 

8 

Do. 

30. 080 

47. 7242 

30 

47. 7239 

47. 7238 

8 

Do. 

39. 884 

47. 7349 

40 

47. 7348 

47. 7350 

8 

Oct. 22. 

40. 022 

47. 7355 

40 

47. 7353 

47. 7350 

8 




25 


47. 7183 

Calcu¬ 

lated 


Equation for calculation of volume at any temperature: 

V t = 47.7172 + [1100.1 • (t-24) +0.9734 • (/ — 24) 2 ]X 1 o -6 

The volume at 25 0 C was again determined June 10, 1910, and 
the value found to be 47.7186 ml. For determinations of density 
where the absolute value is sought, as in part 3 of this work, the 
mean value for this period, i. e., 47.71844 ml at 25 0 C is chosen. 

4. BALANCE, WEIGHTS, AND METHOD OF WEIGHING 

The balance used was a Rueprecht analytical balance of 200 g 
capacity, provided with special mechanism for rapid weighing 
and with the outside control of the weights of less than 1 g. The 
sensibility when undamped was o. 16 mg per division. The weights 
from 500 mg to 10 mg were the special weights belonging to the 
balance. The other weights used comprised a set of platinum- 
plated brass weights from 200 g to 1 gdesignated as B. S. No. 5157. 

Previous to the experimental work the weights were carefully 
adjusted. A calibration made April, 1909, showed that the error 
of any possible combination did not exceed + 0.08 mg. 



















378 Bulletin of the Bureau o) Standards t va.o 

A retest made June, 1910, after the completion of the investi¬ 
gation showed the maximum error of any combination to be 
+ 0.23 mg. This change is greater than was anticipated, yet is 
sufficiently small to be disregarded. 

The weighings of the sinker in the liquid were made by the 
method of substitution. A constant counterpoise was kept on 
the left pan of the balance, while the known weights were applied 
on the right, from which the sinker was suspended. Equilibrium 
was first obtained with the immersed sinker attached, then the 
sinker was detached and left resting on the bottom of the tube 
while equilibrium was again obtained with the suspending hook 
alone. The difference in the weights required to secure equili¬ 
brium is the apparent weight of the sinker in the liquid. 

The suspension wire where it passed through the surface of the 
liquid was of platinum 0.3 mm in diameter. It was covered with 
a layer of dull gold by electrodeposition in order to insure wetting 
with the liquid, and thus avoid the sticking otherwise produced. 
With the wire thus prepared, weighings could be made to o. 1 mg 
when the sinker was not attached and to about 0.3 mg with the 
sinker attached. Since the accidental error of weighing is sub¬ 
ject to elimination in the final reduction, weighings to 0.5 mg 
were accepted as being comparable with the precision in other 
elements of the work. 

All weighings were reduced to vacuo by means of a buoyancy 
balance, which was devised for obtaining the buoyancy correction 
to weighings of water for volumetric determinations. This appa¬ 
ratus consists of a hollow bulb of glass having an external volume 
of 900 cc, suspended from one arm of a balance and counterpoised 
by a brass weight of equal mass. The weight of air equal in vol¬ 
ume to the difference in volume of these two objects is indicated 
by the weights required on the bulb side to secure a balance. The 
difference in volume is 881.3 cc; thus the buoyancy on 1 liter of 
water weighed with brass weights is obtained directly. The air 
density is obtained by multiplying this observed “buoyancy con¬ 
stant ” by The bulb is suspended in a glass case to protect 

it from disturbing air currents. Correction is made for difference 
in temperature between this case and the balance where the 



05i>or ^ Density and Expansion o) Alcohol 379 

determinations are made. The density of the weights for the 
purpose of correcting for displaced air is assumed to be 8.4. 

5. MATERIAL USED 

The water used in the preparation of the mixtures investigated 
was twice distilled, the second distillation being from alkaline 
potassium permanganate. The three samples of alcohol used 
were all prepared from sample A, previously described. The 
densities at 0 C and corresponding percentages of alcohol are 
given below: 


Sample 

D^C 

Per cent alcohol by weight 

l 3 

0 . 78529 

99 . 93 

3 b 

. 78533 

99 . 91 

la 

. 78507 

100.00 


Tests made by the chemical division of the bureau failed to show 
the presence of impurities other than water in sufficient amounts 
to affect the density appreciably, and it may be safely assumed 
that the effect on the thermal expansion of these last traces of 
impurities is less than the experimental error of the determinations. 

6 . ARRANGEMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK 

In order to make the final results of the determination of the 
thermal expansion as free as possible from the effects of pro¬ 
gressive changes in density that are not directly attributable to 
changes in temperature, the observations were arranged in two 
series, with the order of the temperatures reversed, the tempera¬ 
tures of density determinations being as follows: 

First series 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 

Second series 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 

In each series the observations were distributed at approxi¬ 
mately equal time intervals. Each series required a day for com¬ 
pletion. 

By employing this isochronously symmetrical arrangement of 
observations and by taking the mean of the two series disturbing 
causes which are linear functions of time are practically eliminated. 







380 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards Woi. 9 

The principal disturbing causes which were anticipated were 
evaporation 6f alcohol and absorption of air and moisture. 

Notwithstanding the precautions for the exclusion of atmos 1 
pheric moisture and prevention of evaporation from the densi¬ 
meter tube when not actually observing, the change in concentra¬ 
tion due to these causes was found to be appreciable in most of 
the mixtures. Owing to the lower vapor pressure of alcohol the 
vapor usually is of higher concentration than the mixture which 
yields it, and thus a progressive dilution of the mixture is pro¬ 
duced in most cases. That this dilution is uniformly distributed 
throughout the mixture is unlikely. There is besides, with some 
of the mixtures, condensation of the vapor in the top of the tube 
and on the suspension, which tends to run back into the upper 
layers of the liquid. This may account for the fact that in the 
90 per cent mixture there appeared to be between the series an 
increase in concentration. The increase in the concentration of 
the 10 per cent mixture, however, was artificial, being caused by 
the intentional addition of alcohol to compensate for evaporation. 

It was found that unless dissolved air was extracted from the 
mixtures there was danger of air being expelled from the liquid at 
the higher temperatures and attaching to the sinker as bubbles, 
preventing a successful series of observations. Hence, before the 
determination for any mixture, and in some cases between the two 
series of observations, the mixture was evacuated to low pressure 
to remove a sufficient amount of the dissolved air to prevent this 
difficulty. During the series air was doubtless reabsorbed and at 
an unknown rate, but determinations made elsewhere of the effect 
of dissolved air on the density of various mixtures at 25 0 C showed 
the total effect at that temperature to be so small that any large 
variable effect at the temperatures employed and in the time 
allowed would be improbable. 

Examination of the experimental results shows that the altera¬ 
tion in concentration of the mixtures was usually less for the 
higher than for the lower per cents of alcohol. It is also seen that 
between the first and second series of observations on several of 
the mixtures a considerable change occurred. This can be 
attributed to the evacuation of the mixture previous to the second 
series to remove air by which alcohol vapor was also removed. 


Osborne] Density and Expansion of Alcohol 381 

The manner of observing was as follows: With the liquid to be 
investigated in the tube, the sinker immersed, the cap on and 
closed by the suspension plug, and the tube in place in the control 
bath, the temperature was brought to the initial temperature of 
the series. The brine flow, the by-pass in the circulating appa¬ 
ratus, the thermoregulator, and the electric energy supply were 
successively adjusted to maintain the desired constant tempera¬ 
ture. Sufficient time was allowed for the inner bath to acquire a 
constant or very slowly rising temperature. The sinker was then 
suspended from the balance and weighed. The thermometers 
were both read. The sinker was detached and the suspension 
weighed. The sinker was again suspended and weighed and the 
thermometers again read. At the conclusion of this set of obser¬ 
vations the top of the densimeter tube was closed by the suspension 
plug and the temperature changed to the next one of the series as 
rapidly as the capacity of the heating coil or of the cooling coil 
would permit. While this temperature change was taking place 
the ice points of the thermometers were read and the buoyancy 
constant observed. The temperature control was readjusted for 
constant regulation at the new temperature and observations for 
density and temperature were again made. This procedure was 
repeated until the series was complete. 

V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 
1. CALCULATION OF RESULTS 

The total correction to the thermometer at the temperature of 
the determination was obtained by use of the observed ice points 
and the calibration corrections. Each observed temperature was 
corrected and the mean of the set of four taken as the temperature 
of the determination. 

The apparent weight of the sinker in the liquid is given by the 
difference between the balance readings with sinker on and with 
sinker off. The mean of the two values of the apparent weight of 
sinker thus obtained is corrected by subtracting the weight of air 
displaced by the weights. To obtain this correction the volume 
of the weights (assuming their density to be 8.4) is multiplied by 
the observed air density. The application of this correction gives 
the true weight of the sinker in the liquid. The difference between 


TABLE XXIII 

Determination of Thermal Expansion of Alcohol-Water Mixture Containing 49.961 Per Cent Alcohol 

Record of Observations and Calculations 


382 


I* 

§ « 


rH 

ON 

rH 

rH 

co 

00 

rH 


CM 

m 

o 

m 

o 

m 

CM 

a 


CM 


CO 

00 

tT 

Os 

in 



O 

o 

rH 


CM 

CM 

co 

B 








O 03 Ct 3 






• 

• 

• 

^ O 










M- 

rj- 


rr 

M- 

M" 

M- 

H 


CO 

vO 

co 

00 


rH 

m 

•ai'ss 

is^sa 

S, r—< .rH 


M" 

m 

tj- 

00 

H 

CM 



VO 

00 

o 

rH 

co 


Tf 

to 

ON 

CO 

• 

co 

VO 

co 

Tf 

• 

CO 

CM 

• 

CO 

O 

• 

CO 

00 

CM 

{> O Q*’- 


M- 

M- 

M* 

M" 

Tj- 


M- 

o S 


os 

vO 

ON 

't 

00 

rH 




M* 

CO 

Tt- 

o 


t>- 

rH 


CO 

rH 

ON 

oo 

o 

m 

m 

S’S.Sg. 

to 

o 

CM 

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SERIES a.—JAN. 29,1910. RECORD VOL. 646. P. iaa 


Osborne 1 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 


383 





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384 


[Vol. Q 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 


the weight of the sinker in the liquid and its weight in vacuo gives 
the weight of the liquid displaced by the sinker. This weight 
divided by the volume of the sinker at the temperature of the 
determination gives the density of the liquid at that temperature 
in grams per milliliter. 

The calculation of the density of the liquid as described above 
may be expressed by the following equation: 



W 1 —w + W 2 —w, p v 
2 (1 “ 84' 

V t 


Where D t = density of sample at temperature t 

4 

S = mass of sinker 

V t = volume of sinker at the temperature t 
t = temperature of determination 
W lf W 2 = balance readings with sinker on 
w = balance readings with sinker off 
p = air density 


2 . COPY OF ORIGINAL DATA 


A copy of the record showing the observations comprising the 
two series of determinations for a single mixture is given in Table 
XXIII (pp. 382-383). This table illustrates the arrangement of 
the experimental work and also the calculation of results as 
described above. 




Osborne) Density and Expansion o) Alcohol 385 

3. REDUCTION AND ADJUSTMENT OF RESULTS 

From the observations and calculations as described and illus¬ 
trated above are obtained the experimental results given in 
Tables XXIV to XXXV, comprising for each mixture a double 
series of density determinations together with the corresponding 
temperatures. These temperatures are all very close to the 
integral temperatures intended. For the purpose of simplifying 
the adjustment of results the determined densities are reduced to 
the values corresponding to the integral temperatures. Com¬ 
parison between the densities thus reduced shows the permanent 
change occurring in the liquid during the progress of the determi¬ 
nation not directly attributable to the change in temperature. 
This permanent change which is caused by the evaporation of 
alcohol and by the abosrption of moisture may be regarded as a 
linear function of the position of the determination in the series, 
since the different groups of observations in a series occupy 
approximately the same time and are separated by equal intervals 
of time. The total permanent change occurring between any 
determination of the first series and the corresponding one of the 
second is represented by the equation: 

J=a + b (7 — n) 

where n is the number of the determination in the first series, a is 
the change occurring between the first and second series—that is, 
between the seventh and eighth determinations—and may include 
changes from any intentional or accidental cause, b depends on the 
rate of change during the progress of a single series and is assumed 
to be the same in the two series. By a least square adjustment of 
the observed apparent permanent change in density between the 
series, the constants a and b are determined. The adjusted value 
of J is then calculated by these coefficients, and each determined 
density corrected by one-half the corresponding adjusted with 
the appropriate sign. 

It is evident that the final value of the density at each tempera¬ 
ture will be the same whether the mean be taken of the two 
determinations at that temperature or whether these determina¬ 
tions be first adjusted, as indicated above, to correct for the pro¬ 
gressive change of density due to evaporation of alcohol and 


386 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Voi.o 

absorption of water vapor. This adjustment, however, is desirable 
in order that a check may be had upon the agreement of the two 
determinations when all explainable differences have been taken 
into account. This agreement is an indication of the magnitude 
of the accidental errors of the individual determinations. 

The observed densities thus adjusted to values corresponding to 
the mean concentration of the mixture are further adjusted on the 
assumption that the equation 

Di = D 2 -i + oc (t- 25) +/3 (<-25)2 + 7 O-25) 3 
represents the change in density depending on the change in 
temperature alone. By the method of least squares, D^,a, ft, 7 
are determined. The adjusted value of D*- is then calculated. In 
the values of observed D- minus calculated D- will be combined 

4 4 

the accidental experimental errors as well as errors due to the 
assumed form of functions in the least square adjustments of the 
observations. It appears from examination of these residuals that 
the assumptions made are in accordance with the experimental 
data, unless these errors are systematically compensated, as the 
residuals are seen to be within the limits of accidental error. 


Osborne] 


Density and Expansion oj Alcohol 


3^7 


X 


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77398°—13 


5 


Equation for adjustment of J: J=90-fl»285 (7—n). 

Probable value of D^from above determinations: D^=0.988317 —[268.4 (t—25)+5.02 (t—25) 2 —0.0311 (t—25) 4 ]10 6 . 









































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Probable value of D^from above determinations: D;=0.980461 —[0.311.9 (t—25)+4.84 (t—25)“’—0.0258 (t—25) 3 ]10 6 . 


































Osborne] 


Density and Expansion oj Alcohol 


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Probable value of D* from above determinations: d|= 0.950529 — [643.l(t—25)+2.26(t—25) 2 —0.0047(t—25) 3 ]10 -6 . 































392 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 


[ Vol. 0 


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Equation for adjustment of A; J = 103.6+5.464 (7—n). 

Probable value of b] from above determinations: Dj=0.931507 — [748.8(t—25)-fl.45(t —25) 2 -f0,0004(t —25) 8 ]10“ 6 . 




































Osborne ] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 


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Probable value of from above determinations: Dj=0.909937 — [803.3(t—25)-fl.28(t—25) 2 -)-0.0024(— 25) 3 ]10~ 6 . 











































394 


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Probable value of dJ from above determinations: D^0.887051-[835.8(t-25)+1.21(t-25) 2 -f0.0024(t-25) 3 ]10- 6 . 



































Osbotfu) 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 


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Probable value of from above determinations: D-; =0.863380 —[858.1 (t—25)4-1.17 (t—25) 2 4-0.0009 (t—25) 3 ] 1CT*. 















































396 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 


[Vol. 9 


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Equation for adjustment of A:A= 9.1 — 1.821 (7—ny. 

Probable value of D \ from above determinations: D^=0.839031—[871.4 (t—25) + 1.08 (t—25) 2 -f0.0069 (t—25) 3 ] lO - ®. 






































> 

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Osborne J 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 


397 



' Equation for adjustment of J: A — — 16—2.213 (7—n). 

Probable value of from above determinations: D^=0.813516 — [874.6 (t—25)-f-0.93 (t—25) 2 +0.0051 (t—25) 3 ] 10 -6 . 

































398 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 


W0I.9 


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Equation for adjustment of A: J = 15.4+0.214 (7—n). 

Probable value of D-j from above determinations:. D**= 0.785337-[859.3 (t-25)+0.57 (t-25) 2 +0.0062 (t-25) 3 ] 10“+ 



































Osborne] Density and Expansion of Alcohol 399 

4 . RESUMfe OF RESULTS 

By reduction and adjustment of experimental results there is 
derived for each mixture of alcohol and water investigated an 
equation for thermal expansion of the form: 

D\ = Dj + a(t- 25) +/3(<-25) , + 7(<-25)» 

Dj and the coefficients a, / 3 , 7, having been determined from the 
experimental data. 

The constant Dj for each mixture represents the mean density 
at 25 0 in terms of the density of water at 4 0 as the unit and is 
used for obtaining the mean concentration of the mixture used. 
A table showing the relation between density at 25 0 and concen¬ 
tration is given on page 424. 

The assembled results of the experimental work on thermal 
expansion of alcohol-water mixtures are given in Table XXXVI. 
Included in this table are the corresponding coefficients for water 
calculated from the experimental work of Chappuis 1132 using the 
densities at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40° C, upon which the present 
work is based. The coefficients a } £, 7, are shown graphically as 
functions of the per cent of alcohol in Fig. 9. 

Interpolated values of a } 7 obtained by the graphical method 
are given for each integral per cent of alcohol in Table XXXVIIa. 
The interpolation is carried to the number of figures shown for 
the purpose of avoiding arithmetic errors in the calculation of 
the final density Table XLIX in part 3. They should not be 
assumed correct to the last figure given. Furthermore, they can 
not be assumed as true except for the range of temperature used 
in their determination—viz, io° C to 40° C. 

In Table XXXVII6 are given the coefficients A t B, C in the 
equation for thermal expansion of the form: 

V, = V 2 5 [i +4(1- 25) +B(t - 2 5) 2 +C(t - 25)*] 
these coefficients having been calculated for each integral per cent 
of alcohol from the corresponding coefficients a, 6 , 7, given in 
Table XXXVIIa. 


400 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 


I Vol.Q 



























Osbcrne) 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 
TABLE XXXVI 


401 


Thermal Expansion of Alcohol-Water Mixtures. Assembled Experi¬ 
mental Results 

Equation: D\ = D^ + a (t —25)+/?(t —25) 2 + f(t—25) 3 . Temperature 

range: 10° C to 40° C 


Per cent alcohol 
by weight 


aXlO 7 

0 X10* 

rXlQJo 

RESULTS FOR WATER ACCORDING TO CHAPPUIS’S DATA 

0 

0. 997077 

-2565 

-484 

+319 

RESULTS OF PRESENT INVESTIGATION 

4. 907 

0. 988317 

-2684 

-502 

+311 

9. 984 

.980461 

-3119 

-484 

+258 

19. 122 

. 967648 

-4526 

-393 

+180 

22. 918 

. 962133 

-5224 

-331 

+100 

30.086 

. 950529 

-6431 

-226 

+ 47 

39.988 

. 931507 

-7488 

-145 

- 4 

49.961 

.909937 

-8033 

-128 

- 24 

59. 976 

. 887051 

-8358 

-121 

- 24 

70. 012 

. 863380 

-8581 

-117 

- 9 

80. 036 

. 839031 

-8714 

-108 

- 69 

90.037 

. 813516 

-8746 

- 93 

- 51 

99. 913 

. 785337 

-8593 

- 57 

- 62 























iVol.9 


402 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

TABLE XXXVila.—Interpolated values of a , /?, 7 % between 10°C to 40C°, 
in the equation: 

D* = Dj + a(t-25) + fi(t-25) 2 + r (t- 25) 3 


Per cent 
alcohol 
by weight 

aX10 T 

0X10* 

rX io» 

Per cent 
alcohol 
by weight 

«xio* 

0X10* 

rXlo* 

0 

-2565 

-484 

+31.9 

50 

-8035 

-128 

-2 

1 

-2574 

-490 

+32 

51 

-8074 

-127 

-3 

2 

-2591 

-496 

+32 

52 

-8111 

-126 

-3 

3 

-2613 

-499 

+31 

53 

-8147 

-126 

-3 

4 

-2646 

-501 

+31 

54 

-8181 

-125 

-3 

5 

-2689 

-502 

+30 

55 

-8212 

-124 

-3 

6 

-2745 

-501 

+30 

56 

-8244 

-124 

-3 

7 

-2816 

-498 

+29 

57 

-8274 

-123 

-4 

8 

-2901 

-495 

+29 

58 

-8302 

-122 

-4 

9 

-3003 

-490 

+28 

59 

-8330 

-122 

-4 

10 

-3121 

-484 

+27 

60 

-8359 

-121 

-4 

11 

-3244 

-476 

+26 

61 

-8384 

-121 

-4 

12 

-3374 

-469 

+25 

62 

-8410 

-120 

-4 

13 

-3513 

-460 

+24 

63 

-8435 

-120 

-4 

14 

-3662 

-452 

+23 

64 

-8459 

-120 

-4 

15 

-3817 

-442 

+22 

65 

-8482 

-119 

-4 

16 

-3978 

-432 

+20 

66 

-8503 

-119 

-4 

17 

-4146 

-420 

+ 19 

67 

-8524 

-119 

-4 

18 

-4322 

-408 

+ 18 

68 

-8544 

-118 

-4 

19 

-4504 

-395 

+16 

69 

-8564 

-117 

-4 

20 

-4686 

-380 

+14 

70 

-8581 

-117 

-5 

21 

-4870 

-363 

+13 

71 

-8599 

-116 

-5 

22 

-5055 

-346 

+ 11 

72 

-8614 

-116 

-5 

23 

-5239 

-329 

+10 

73 

-8629 

-115 

-5 

24 

-5419 

-313 

+ 9 

74 

-8643 

-114 

-5 

25 

-5601 

-298 

+ 8 

75 

-8657 

-113 

-5 

26 

-5778 

-282 

+ 7 

76 

-8669 

-112 

-5 

27 

-5951 

-268 

+ 6 

77 

-8681 

-111 

-5 

28 

-6114 

-253 

+ 6 

78 

-8692 

-110 

-5 

29 

-6271 

-240 

+ 5 

79 

-8703 

-109 

-5 

30 

-6419 

-227 

+ 4 

80 

-8714 

-108 

-5 

31 

-6554 

-215 

+ 4 

81 

-8723 

-107 

-5 

32 

-6685 

-204 

+ 3 

82 

-8731 

-106 

-5 

33 

-6810 

-194 

+ 3 

83 

-8739 

-105 

-5 

34 

-6929 

-185 

+ 2 

84 

-8745 

-104 

-5 

35 

-7040 

-176 

+ 2 

85 

-8751 

-102 

-5 

36 

-7144 

-168 

+ 1 

86 

-8753 

-101 

-5 

37 

-7239 

-161 

+ 1 

87 

-8754 

- 99 

-5 

38 

-7330 

-155 

+ 1 

88 

-8753 

- 97 

-5 

39 

-7413 

-150 

0 

89 

-8751 

- 95 

-5 

40 

-7489 

-145 

0 

90 

-8746 

- 93 

-5 

41 

-7561 

-141 

0 

91 

-8738 

- 90 

-5 

42 

-7627 

-138 

- 1 

92 

-8728 

- 88 

-5 

43 

-7689 

-136 

- 1 

93 

-8715 

- 84 

-5 

44 

-7748 

-134 

- 1 

94 

-8700 

- 81 

-5 

45 

-7802 

-133 

- 1 

95 

-8685 

- 78 

-5 

46 

-7855 

-132 

- 2 

96 

-8668 

- 74 

-5 

47 

-7903 

-131 

- 2 

97 

-8650 

- 70 

-5 

48 

-7950 

-130 

- 2 

98 

-8632 

- 66 

-5 

49 

-7993 

-129 

- 2 

99 

-8613 

- 61 

-5 

50 

-8035 

-128 

- 2 

100 

-8591 

- 56 

-5 
















veig 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 


density and Expansion of Alcohol 


403 


—Values of A, B, C, between 10°C to 40°C, in the 
equation: 


’ 25 [1 + A (t - 25) + B (t - 25) 2 + C (t - 25) 3 ] 


BX10 r 

cxio* 

Per cent 
alcohol 
by weight 

AX 10* 

BX10 T 

CX10» 

+49.2 

-2.9 

50 

+ 883.1 

+21.9 

+0.5 

+50 

-3 

51 

+ 890 

+22 

+ 1 

+51 

-3 

52 

+ 896 

+22 

+ 1 

+51 

-3 

53 

+ 902 

+22 

+ 1 

+51 

-3 

54 

+ 908 

+22 

+ 1 

+51.5 

-2.7 

55 

+ 914 

+22 

+ 1 

+52 

-3 

56 

+ 920 

+22 

+1 

+51 

-3 

57 

+ 926 

+22 

+ 1 

+51 

-3 

58 

+ 931 

+22 

+ 1 

+51 

-2 

59 

+ 937 

+22 

+ 1 

+50.4 

-2.4 

60 

+ 942.4 

+22.5 

+0.7 

+50 

-2 

61 

+ 948 

+23 

+ 1 

+49 

-2 

62 

+ 953 

+23 

+ 1 

+48 

-2 

63 

+ 958 

+23 

+ 1 

+48 

-2 

64 

+ 964 

+23 

+ 1 

+47 

-2 

65 

+ 969 

+23 

+ 1 

+46 

-2 

66 

+ 974 

+23 

+ 1 

+45 

-2 

67 

+ 979 

+23 

+ 1 

+44 

-1 

68 

+ 984 

+23 

+ 1 

+43.0 

-1.2 

69 

+ 989 

+23 

+ 1 

+42 

-1 

70 

+ 993.9 

+23.4 

+0.9 

+40 

-1 

71 

+ 999 

+24 

+ 1 

+39 

-1 

72 

+ 1003 

+24 

+ 1 

+37.2 

-0.6 

73 

+ 1008 

+24 

+ 1 

+36 

0 

74 

+ 1012 

+24 

+ 1 

+34 

0 

75 

+1017 

+24 

+ 1 

+33 

0 

76 

+ 1021 

+24 

+ 1 

+32 

0 

77 

+ 1026 

+24 

+ 1 

+31 

0 

78 

+ 1030 

+24 

+ 1 

+30 

0 

79 

+1034 

+24 

+ 1 

+28.5 

- 0.1 

80 

+1038.5 

+23.7 

+0.9 

+27 

0 

81 

+ 1043 

+24 

+ 1 

+26 

0 

82 

+ 1047 

+24 

+ 1 

+26 

0 

83 

+1051 

+24 

+ 1 

+25 

0 

84 

+1055 

+24 

+ 1 

+24 

0 

85 

+1059 

+24 

+ 1 

+24 

0 

86 

+1062 

+23 

+ 1 

+23 

0 

87 

+1066 

+23 

+ 1 

+23 

0 

88 

+ 1069 

+23 

+ 1 

+22 

0 

89 

+1072 

+23 

+ 1 

+22.0 

+0.3 

90 

+ 1074.9 

+23.0 

+0.9 

+22 

0 

91 

+ 1078 

+23 

+ 1 

+22 

0 

92 

+1080 

+23 

+ 1 

+22 

0 

93 

+1082 

+22 

+ 1 

+22 

0 

94 

+1084 

+22 

+ 1 

+22 

0 

95 

+ 1086 

+22 

+ 1 

+22 

0 

96 

+ 1088 

+21 

+ 1 

+22 

0 

97 

+1089 

+21 

+ 1 

+22 

0 

98 

+ 1091 

+20 

+ 1 

+22 

0 

99 

+ 1093 

+20 

+ 1 

+21.9 

+0.5 

100 

+ 1094.3 

+ 19.1 

+0.8 
























PART 3 


DENSITY OF ETHYL ALCOHOL AND OF ITS MIXTURES 
WITH WATER 

By N. S. Osborne 

Part 3 consists of the determination of the density at a single 
temperature, 25 0 C, of pure ethyl alcohol and of various mixtures 
of alcohol and water in accurately determined proportions and 
the derivation of alcoholometric tables. 

VI. DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS AND EXPERIMENTAL 

WORK 

The fundamental determinations of the density of pure alcohol 
were made simultaneously with its preparation, as previously 
described. The compounding of the mixtures, using portions of 
the same purified material, and the determination of their densi¬ 
ties followed these fundamental determinations. 

The density determinations were made partly by the method 
of hydrostatic weighing, described in Part 2 of this paper (p. 371 ), 
and partly by the use of specially constructed picnometers. By 
the use of these picnometers the effect of dissolved air upon the 
density of alcohol and of its mixtures was investigated to ascer¬ 
tain its significance in alcoholometry. 

1. THE PICNOMETERS 

Three picnometers, specially designed for the purpose on the 
principle of the Ostwald-Sprengel type, were used. In the con¬ 
struction of these picnometers the elements desired were as 
follows: 

(a) A form adapted to the rapid attainment of the constant 
temperature of a surrounding water bath. 

( b) Means of filling with minimum contact of liquid with air. 

(c) Protection after filling from change of weight by evapora¬ 
tion or absorption of moisture; and 

(d) Precision of filling. 

405 


406 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards I Voi. 9 

The form of the picnometers is illustrated in Figs. 10 and 11. 
They were all made of Jena i6 m glass and thoroughly annealed. 
They are adapted to immersion in the constant temperature bath 
already described. One of the picnometers (No. 
274, Fig. ii) was of the Rudolphi 952 form, con¬ 
sisting of a hollow cylinder, which permits a rapid 
attainment of temperature but at expense of total 
volume. The others (Nos. 275 and 276, Fig. 11) 
were of the plain cylindrical form. 

The cap with stopcock attached, 
as shown in Fig. 11, is used to 
control the internal pressure when 
filling the picnometer. The bulb 
containing the liquid to be inves¬ 
tigated is joined to the picnom¬ 
eter by the ground joint b. By 
proper manipulation, such as in¬ 
clining the picnometer at a suit¬ 
able angle and properly varying 
the air pressure, liquid is intro¬ 
duced into the picnometer. With 
the picnometer in position in the 
water bath, leaving only the up- 

Fig. 10 (one-fourth P er P ortions of tfa e capillaries 
size). emergent, the adjustment of the 

quantity of liquid is approximated as the 
temperature approaches constancy. Liquid 
may be introduced if necessary by means 
of a pipette placed with its tip to the aper¬ 
ture of the capillary with proper adjustment 
of pressure through the tube c. Small quanti¬ 
ties may be removed by means of a strip of 
filter paper applied at the tip of the capillary. 

Enough liquid is removed to bring the menis¬ 
cus just to the line e on the other capillary. 

The inside of the enlargement d of the tube is 
dried, either by means of filter paper or by a stream of dry air. 

The picnometer itself serves as a sensitive thermo-indicator, 
and until the temperature becomes constant the final adjustment 



-0- 


Kj 

Fig. 11 (one-fourtn 
size). 















Osborne ] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 407 

of the quantity of liquid can not be made. When the tempera¬ 
ture appears steady, 5 or 10 minutes more are allowed as margin 
of safety, and the filling is then completed. The picnometer is 
closed to prevent evaporation or absorption of moisture by means 
of the cap /, shown in the illustration. 

The constants of these picnometers are given in Table XXXVIII. 


TABLE XXXVIII 
Constants of Picnometers 


Picnometer B. S. No. 

External volume at 25* C 

Mass 

Internal volume at 25° C 

274 

ml 

g 

ml 

92. 865 

103. 1393 

46. 1329 

275 

124.56 

75. 8659 

87. 4046 

276 

123. 33 

74. 4672 

86. 0145 


For the determinations of the volumes of these picnometers 


2 

the density of water at C according to Chappuis 1133 ( 0 . 997077 ) 
was used. 

2. EFFECT OF DISSOLVED AIR 

The effect upon the density of absolute alcohol caused by dis¬ 
solved air was first determined by the method of hydrostatic 
weighing. The density of the alcohol was observed after long 
contact with dry air. The sample in the tube was then evacuated 
until no more bubbles were evolved. The density was then rede¬ 
termined. Dry air was then passed into the bottom of the tube 
and bubbled through the alcohol and the density again determined. 
This was repeated on a second sample of alcohol. The results are 
shown in Table XXXIX. 

TABLE XXXIX 


Effect of Dissolved Air on Density of Alcohol 
SAMPLE OF FRACTION NO. 3 I 


25° 

Original density at C 

25° 

Density at C after evacuating 

Density at C after passing in 

air 

0. 785094 

0. 785160 

0. 785134 

FRACTION NO. 5 I 

0. 785041 

0. 785102 

0. 785061 





















408 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Voi.o 

Upon again saturating the alcohol with air the density did not 
return quite to its original value. This may be due to absorption 
of moisture. The above results indicate clearly that absorbed 
air decreases the density of absolute alcohol very appreciably. 
This is contrary to the experimental result obtained by Mende- 
leeff, 207 , 241 who, by taking air-free alcohol and shaking it with 
supposedly dry air, observed an increase in the density. 

The above preliminary experiments were repeated, using the 
picnometers for determining the densities. In the method of 
hydrostatic weighing the alcohol was in contact with the air 
while the determination was being made, thus leaving doubt as 
to the completeness of the observed effect. Hence it was anti¬ 
cipated that more consistent and uniform results would be pos¬ 
sible with the picnometer. The results are shown in Table XU. 

TABLE XL 

Effect of Dissolved Air on Density of Alcohol 
SAMPLE OF ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL IN PICNOMETER NO. 274 



d T 

Change in density 

After evacuating to remove air. 

0. 785120 

} 0.000065 

After shaking with dry air. 

. 785055 




SAMPLE NO. 5 I 


Original sample. . 

0. 785080 

} 0.000091 

After evacuating. 

. 785171 

After shaking with dry air. 

. 785097 


After shaking again with dry air. 

. 785081 

} .000096 

After reevacuating. 

.785177 

After shaking again with dry air. 

.785093 

} .000080 

After reevacuating. 

. 785173 



Mean change. 


. 000083 




The above results demonstrate the reproducibility of the effect, 
although not indicating to what extent it is dependent on the 
temperature. The mean observed effect of dissolved air at' 25 0 
is a decrease in density of 0 . 000083 . 























Osborne] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 4°9 

The quantity of air absorbed by absolute alcohol was approxa- 
mately determined by weighing, after evacuating to remove the 
air, a quantity of alcohol in a flask provided with a ground stopper, 
to which was attached a tube having two stopcocks with a bulb 
between. Dry air was admitted, shaken, and the flask again 
weighed. This was repeated until the weight became constant, 
indicating that no more air was absorbed. Ninety-three and 
fourteen hundredths ( 93 . 14 ) grams of alcohol absorbed .019 gram 
of air at about 20 ° C. This corresponds to about .13 cc of air for 
each cubic centimeter of alcohol. 

The effect of dissolved air upon the density is so significant that 
the condition of alcohol as to whether air free or saturated with 
air must be specified if the density is used as a criterion of the 
completeness of dehydration. 

Many experimenters neglect to state whether their alcohol is air 
free or air saturated. Mendel£eff 207 241 states that the alcohol 
used by him was air free, and he used as a test for this condition 
the fact that when mixed with water no bubbles were given off. 
This does not seem to be a sufficiently definite test, since mixtures 
of alcohol and water may contain air, and from the low values 
obtained by Mendeleeff for the density of absolute alcohol and the 
method employed by him in obtaining it air free, it seems very 
doubtful if he removed more than a small part of the dissolved 
air. 

The approximate effect of dissolved air upon the density of 
alcohol-water mixtures is derived later from the density determina¬ 
tions upon those mixtures. 

3. DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF ETHYL ALCOHOL 

Having determined the magnitude of the effect of dissolved air 
upon the density, and having observed the greater uniformity in 
the density of the alcohol when saturated with air than when 
deprived of but left in contact with air, the density determinations 
to serve as criteria for comparison of different samples of sup¬ 
posedly pure alcohol were made in the air-saturated condition. 
The complete results of these determinations are given in Part 1 . 

In this place are given only the actual determinations upon the 
samples, which were regarded as being the purest prepared and on 


410 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \V0i.9 

that account chosen to establish the value for the density of 
absolute alcohol. 

These samples are designated by the number of the experiment 
in their preparation as described in detail in Part 1 of this paper. 
The complete record of observations and reductions to obtain the 
final mean value for the density of pure ethyl alcohol at C are 
given in Tables XU to XLV. * 

TABLE XLI 

Determinations of Density of Alcohol From Experiment IV Hydrostatic 

Weighing. Sinker No. 7 


Date: Apr. 18, 1910. Record, vol. 646, p. 153 


Corrected 

till 

Green 

2499 

tempera- 

re 

Tonnelot 

4653 

Mean cor¬ 
rected 
tempera¬ 
ture 
t 

Apparent 
weight of 
sinker 
in liquid 

True 
weight of 
sinker 
in liquid 

Volume of 
sinker at 
observed 
temperature 

Density of 
liquid at 
observed 
temperature 

Density of 
liquid at 
25° C 

D ! 

Frac¬ 
tion No. 




e 

K 

ml 




25.008 

25. 010 


62. 5444 








25?010 


62. 5358 

47. 71845 

0.785088 

0. 785097 

1 

25.008 

25. 015 


62. 5443 






25. 013 

25. 015 


62. 5459 








25?014 


62. 5373 

47. 71845 

.785057 

. 785069 

2 

25. 008 

25. 020 


62. 5459 






25. 013 

25. 015 


62. 5464 





- 



25?014 


62. 5378 

47. 71845 

.785046 

. 785058 

3 

25. 008 

25. 020 


62. 5464 






25. 018 

25. 020 


62. 5466 








25?015 


62. 5380 

47. 71846 

. 785042 

. 785055 

4 

25.008 

25. 015 


62. 5466 






25. 013 

25. 020 


62. 5469 








25?014 


62. 5382 

47. 71845 

. 785038 

. 785050 

5 

25.008 

25. 015 


62. 5468 






25. 013 

25 020 


62. 5468 








25?019 


62. 5382 

47. 71846 

. 785038 

. 785054 

6 

25. 018 

25.025 


62. 5468 







Thermometer corrections: No. 2499, +0.008; No. 4653, +0.020. Observed air 
density: 0.00116 g/cm 3 . Buoyancy correction on weights: 0.0086 g. Mass of sinker: 
99.9990 g. 















Osborne ] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 
TABLE XLII 


411 


Determinations of Density of Alcohol from Experiment VII. Hydrostatic 

Weighing: Sinker No. 7 

Date: May 11, 1910. Record, vol. 646, p. 176 


Corrected tempera¬ 
ture 

Mean cor¬ 
rected 
tempera¬ 
ture 
t 

Apparent 
weight of 

True 
weight of 

Volume of 
sinker at 

Density of 
liquid at 
observed 

Density of 
liquid at 
25° C 

» 2 t 

Frac¬ 

Green 

2499 

Tonnelot 

4653 

sinker 
in liquid 

sinker 
in liquid 

observed 

temperature 

temperature 

tion No. 

25. 028 

25. 028 

25.030 

25. 035 

25. 030 

e 

62. 5469 

K 

62. 5382 

ml 

47. 71847 

0. 785038 

0.785064 

1 

25.008 

25. 013 

25. 020 

25. 020 

25. 015 

62. 5465 

62. 5378 

47. 71846 

.785046 

. 785059 

2 

25. 013 

25. 013 

25. 020 

25. 020 

25. 016 

62. 5465 

62. 5378 

47. 71846 

.785046 

.785060 

3 


Thermometer corrections: No. 2499, +0.008; No. 4653, +0.020. Observed air 
density: 0.00116 g/cm 3 . Buoyancy correction on weights: 0.0087 g. Mass of sinker: 
99.9990 g. 















412 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Voi.o 

TABLE XLIII 

Determinations of Density of Absolute Alcohol from Experiment XII 
Hydrostatic Weighing: Sinker No. 7 


Date: Apr. 7, 11, 12, 1910. Record, vol. 646, p. 147 


Corrected tempera¬ 
ture 

Mean cor¬ 
rected 
tempera¬ 
ture 
t 

Apparent 

True 

Volume of 

Density of 
liquid at 

Density of 
liquid a 




weight of 
sinker 

weight of 

sinker at 

observed 

25® C 
?5 

Frac¬ 



sinker 

observed 

temperature 

tion No. 

Green 

Tonnelot 

in liquid 

in liquid 

temperature 

I>4 



2499 

4653 




7 





g 

g 

mi 




25. 008 

25. 010 

25. 012 

62. 5465 

62. 5378 

47. 71845 

0. 785046 

0. 785056 

1 

25.008 

25. 020 


62. 5466 






25. 008 

25. 020 

25. 018 

62. 5464 

62. 5377 

47. 7J846 

. 785048 

. 785063 

« 1 

25. 023 

25. 020 


62. 5466 






25. 013 

25. 015 

25. 016 

62. 5463 

62. 5375 

47. 71846 

. 785053 

. 785067 

2 

25. 018 

25. 020 


62.5463 






25. 013 

25. 015 

25. 018 

62. 5469 

62. 5382 

47. 71846 

. 785038 

. 785053 

3 

25. 018 

25. 025 


62. 5471 






24. 998 

25. 005 

25. 005 

62. 5464 

62. 5377 

47. 71844 

. 785049 

. 785053 

4 

25. 003 

25. 015 


62. 5465 






25. 013 

25. 020 

25. 015 

62. 5463 

62. 5376 

47. 71846 

. 785050 

. 785063 

5 

25. 008 

25. 020 


62. 5465 





24. 993 

25.000 

24. 996 

62. 5460 

62. 5372 

47. 7144 

. 785059 

. 785056 

6 

24.993 

25.000 


62. 5459 






c After passing dry air through. 


Thermometer corrections: No. 2499, +0.008; No. 4653, +0.020. Observed air 
density: 0.00118 g/cm 3 . Buoyancy correction on weights: 0.0088 g. Mass of sinker* 
99.9990 g. 



















Osborne] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 


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4H 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 


[Vol. 9 


TABLE XLV 


25° 

The Density at 4 of Pure Ethyl Alcohol Saturated with Air. 


Assembled 


Results of Most Satisfactory Experiments 


Experiment number 

Fraction 

number 

Method of determination 

25° 

Density at 

Df 

Observed 
density- 
mean density 

X10« 

IV. 

3 

Hydrostatic weighing... 

0. 785058 

0 


4 

.do. 

. 785055 

-3 


5 

.do. 

. 785050 

-8 


6 

.do. 

. 785054 

-4 

VI. 

2 

Picnometer No. 276. 

. 785059 

+ 1 


2 

Picnometer No. 274. 

. 785058 

0 

vn. 

1 

Hydrostatic weighing... 

. 785064 

+6 


2 

.do. 

. 785059 

+ 1 


3 

.do. 

. 785060 

+2 

xn 

1 

....do. 

. 785063 

+5 


2 

.do. 

. 785067 

+9 


3 

.do. 

. 785053 

-5 


4 

.do. 

. 785053 

-5 


5 

.do. 

. 785063 

+5 


6 

.do. 

. 785056 

-2 

Mean. 



. 785058 



Comparative examination of the results of the density determi¬ 
nations furnishes an index of the order of magnitude of the acci¬ 
dental errors. In Table XLV the average deviation from the mean 
of the 15 determinations is about 0.000004. The error of the mean 
due to accidental sources is within 0.000001. 







































° sborne l Density and Expansion of Alcohol 415 

The absolute accuracy of the densities is limited by the pre¬ 
cision with which the thermometers have served to reproduce the 
International Hydrogen Scale. Two thermometers that were 
compared with the primary standards of the Bureau were always 
used. The corrected temperature indications of these ther¬ 
mometers rarely differed by as much as o°.oi. However, in con¬ 
sequence of the uncertainties inherent in the ice-point determina¬ 
tions, the effect of sticking of the meniscus, of small errors in 
reading, and the assumptions concerning the properties of verre 
dur glass that are necessarily made in the reproduction of the 
International Hydrogen Scale, the order of accuracy that has been 
attained in the reproduction of this temperature scale is, as nearly 
as can be estimated, about o°.oi C, corresponding to about 
0.000009 i n density of pure alcohol at 25 0 C. Hence an accuracy 
of 1 unit of the fifth decimal place for this constant is all that can 
be expected. 

As the result of these experiments 0.78506 is taken as the density 
at 25 0 C in grams per milliliter of pure ethyl alcohol saturated with 
air at ordinary atmospheric pressure. 

4. PREPARATION OF THE MIXTURES—APPARATUS AND METHOD USED 

In order to render the preparation of the mixtures as free as 
possible from causes of error in determining the proportions of 
alcohol and water, the apparatus shown in Fig. 12 was employed. 
It has been shown (p. 408) that pure alcohol at 25 0 C absorbs 
about 0.02 per cent of its own weight of air, which diminishes the 
density about 0.00008. Marek 614 has shown that the absorption 
of air does not appreciably change the density of water at 25 0 C. 

When alcohol and water both saturated with air are mixed, air 
is given off. This constitutes a source of error in the composition 
which can not exceed 0.02 per cent and is doubtless considerably 
less. This error may, however, be avoided by using water and 
alcohol deprived of air. Another possible source of error when the 
alcohol and water used in mixtures are weighed at atmospheric 
pressure is the difficulty in ascertaining the density of the mixture 
of air and vapor in the vessel above the liquid. To avoid the two 
errors mentioned above and to enable also an approximate determi¬ 
nation of the effect of dissolved air upon the mixtures of alcohol 


416 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 


[Vol.Q 


and water to be made, the mixing apparatus was constructed to 
permit the weighing of the liquids when evacuated to their vapor 
pressure. Referring to Fig. 12,, it is seen that the apparatus con¬ 
sists of three parts—a bulb B with one opening, a three-way stop¬ 
cock D , and a funnel-shaped vessel A , all provided with ground 
joints to permit their being joined together. In use the ground 
joints and the stopcock were lubricated sufficiently to render 

them airtight, using 
a rather soft mix¬ 
ture of rubber and 
vaseline. The pro¬ 
cedure in making a 
mixture was as fol¬ 
lows: 

The bulb with the 
three-way stopcock 
attached was first 
exhausted to re¬ 
move the air and 
then closed and 
weighed. Next dry 
air was admitted 
and the stopcock 
removed. A suit¬ 
able quantity of 
absolute alcohol was 
transferred to the 
bulb by means of a 
burette, only air 
which had been 
dried by P 2 0 5 being allowed to come in contact with the alcohol. 
The stopcock was replaced and the bulb again evacuated to re¬ 
move the dissolved air from the alcohol. By repeated exhaustion 
and thorough shaking of the bulb the alcohol was freed from air. 
The stopcock was turned so as to close the passage to the bulb 
and connect the two other passages C and E which were then 
thoroughly dried by forcing through a current of dry air. The 
closed bulb containing only air-free alcohol and alcohol vapor was 
then weighed. 










Osborne) Density and Expansion of Alcohol 417 

The water used in making the mixtures was freed from air by 
subjecting it in a flask to repeated exhaustion to a low pressure 
and shaking until no more air could be removed. The amount of 
water required to make a mixture of the desired concentration was 
calculated from the known quantity of alcohol already in the bulb. 
The tubular opening in the stopcock was first filled with water just 
to the bottom of the funnel and then closed. The calculated 
amount of water was then measured into the funnel by means of a 
burette. On turning the stopcock to connect the funnel with the 
bulb the outside atmospheric pressure forced the water into the 
exhausted bulb containing the alcohol. When the water again 
reached just to the bottom of the funnel the cock was turned so as 
to close the bulb and open the other passages. The funnel was 
removed and the cock again dried as before, after which the bulb 
containing the air-free mixture was weighed. Thus the relative 
proportions of alcohol and water were determined. Notwith¬ 
standing these precautions for excluding air from the mixtures a 
slight amount could still be detected in the form of bubbles 
evolved when the water was mixed with the alcohol at the very 
low pressure present, but it was certainly much less in amount than 
would be present by any method of mixing at atmospheric pres¬ 
sure. The mixtures may be considered practically air free. The 
possibility of the grease being dissolved by the mixture was 
investigated by evaporating 75 cc of a 95 per cent mixture. Only 
0.2 mg of residue was found ( 3060 op part). 

The dimensions of this mixing bulb are as follows: 


External volume, with stopcock.cc.. 209 . 7 

Internal volume.cc. . 152 

Mass with stopcock.g • 134- 9 


The balance used in making the mixtures was No. 5485, a 
Rueprecht analytical balance of 600-g load, similar in design to 
that used for the density determinations and described on page 
377. This balance was sensitive to 0.5 mg. Corrections for dis¬ 
placed air were applied to all weighings. The weights used in 
making the mixtures were set No. 5157, the same as those used 
for the density determinations and described on page 377, except 
that those from 500 mg to 10 mg were the ones belonging to the 






[Vol.9 


418 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

balance. By previous test these were known to have no signifi¬ 
cant errors. 

5. MATERIALS USED 

The samples of absolute alcohol used in making the mixtures 
were portions of the distillates obtained in Experiments IV and 
XII, described in Part 1. The products of these experiments 
were regarded as of the greatest purity obtained. 

The different samples of alcohol and the designations of the 
mixtures made from each, together with the determinations of 
density made at the time of use, are as follows: 

SAMPLE 1 


This sample was composed of fractions Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5 from 
Experiment XII. 

The density determinations were as follows: 


Date 

How made 

0? 

1910 

Apr. 7. 

Hydrostatic weighing. 

0. 785058 

Apr. 22. 

Picnometer No. 275. 

. 785055 

Apr. 29. 

Picnometer No. 276. 

. 785043 




From this sample were made mixtures designated as 95 D, 
95 E, 95 9o D, and 90 E. 

SAMPLE 2 


This sample was composed of fractions B, C, and D from 
Experiment IV. 

The density determinations were as follows: 


Date 

How made 

D 2 f: 

1910 

Apr. 18. 

Hydrostatic weighing... 

0. 785058 
. 785053 
. 785044 
. 785055 
. 785047 

May 3. 

Picnometer No. 276. 

May 6. 

Picnometer No. 274. 

May 12. 

Picnometer No. 276. 

Do. 

.do. 




From this sample were made mixtures designated 80 D, 70 D, 
60 D, 50 D, 40 D. 65 D, 30 D, 20 D, 10 D, and 55 D. 




























Osborne ] 


419 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 


sample 3 

This sample was composed of fractions 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 from 
Experiment IV. These portions are those upon which were made 
the original density determinations for Experiment IV. The 
density determinations were as follows: 


Date 

How made 

Df 

1910 

Apr. 18. 

Hydrostatic weighing. 

0. 785057 
. 785069 

May 25. 

Picnometer No. 276. 

May 26. 

.do. 

. 785052 




From this sample were made mixtures designated 75 D, 85 D, 
45 D, 35 D. 


SAMPLE 4 


This sample was fraction A from Experiment IV. The density 
determinations were as follows: 


Date 

How made 

Df 

1910 

Apr. 18 

Hydrostatic weighing. 

0. 785084 

Tulv 5 

.do. 

. 785088 

j j . 



From this sample were made mixtures designated 25 D, 15 D, 
5 D, 2 D, 6 D, 99 D, and 98 D. 

With the exception of sample 4, the original density determi¬ 
nations indicated these samples to be as free from water as any 
produced. The determinations at different dates show that 
within limits of experimental error no change in density had 
occurred. This was to be expected, since the portions were kept 
in bottles with well-ground stoppers, the bottles themselves being 
kept in a desiccator containing lime. In transferring the alcohol 
from one vessel to another air was always used which had been 
dried by phosphorous pentoxide, thus avoiding contamination 
by atmospheric moisture. 

Sample 4 shows a density higher than that determined for the 
purest alcohol, and in calculating the percentage of the mixtures 
the percentage of dlcohol in this sample is taken as 99.992, this 
figure corresponding to the density 0.785086. 

77398 0 —13-7 






















420 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards \v <*.9 

6 . EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND REDUCTION OF RESULTS 

The record of the preparation of the mixtures is given in journal 
form in Table XLVI. 

Several of the mixtures found necessary for interpolation pur¬ 
poses, of such proportions that the exclusion of air in their prepa¬ 
ration was not considered essential, were made in an ordinary 
weighing flask at atmospheric pressure and without evacuating, 
as shown in the second part of Table XLVI. The record of all 
the density determinations made upon the mixtures is given in 
journal form in Table XLVII. 

TABLE XLVI 

Record of Preparation of Mixtures 

AIR-FREE MIXTURES MADE IN SPECIAL MIXING BULB 


Designation of 
mixture 

Made from 
sample 
No. 

Date when 
made 

True weight of 
alcohol 

True weight of 
mixture 

Per cent alcohol 
in mixture 



1910 

g 

g 


95 D. 

1 

Apr. 23.... 

66. 202 

69. 820 

94. 818 

95 E . 

1 

Apr. 25.... 

73. 570 

77. 501 

94. 928 

95 F . 

1 

Apr. 26. ... 

101. 054 

106. 414 

94. 963 

90 D . 

1 

...do. 

90. 496 

100. 543 

90. 007 

90 E. 

1 

Apr. 30. ... 

93. 542 

103. 931 

90. 004 

80 D. 

2 

May 4. 

79. 350 

99. 254 

79. 946 

70 D. 

2 

...do . 

79. 624 

113. 679 

70. 043 

60 D. 

2 

May 5 .... 

75. 695 

126. 018 

60. 067 

50 D. 

2 

May 6. 

61. 657 

123. 319 

49. 998 

40 D. 

2 

May 7 

51. 249 

126. 168 

40. 651 

65 D. 

2 

May 9 

79. 683 

122. 586 

65. 002 

30 D. 

2 

.do 

39. 894 

132. 968 

30 003 

20 D. 

2 

May 10. . 

27. 077 

135. 321 

v/v. \J\JsJ 

20. 009 

10 D. 

2 

May 11... 

13. 434 

134. 231 

10. 008 

55 D. 

2 

May 13 

66. 701 

121. 336 

54. 972 

75 D. 

3 

May 25 

66. 413 

88. 592 

74. 965 

85 D. 

3 

May 26 

92. 576 

108. 868 

R< 03^ 

45 D. 

3 

May 27 

58. 140 

129. 345 

00 . ujj 

44. 950 

35 D. 

3 

May 28 

47. 300 

134. 876 

35. 069 

25 D. 

4 

June 1 

34. 798 

138. 692 

d 2S ORR 

15 D. 

4 

June 3. 

20. 243 

134. 845 

w uoo 

d 15. 010 

5 D. 

4 

...do. 

6. 984 

139! 859 

4.' 994 


MIXTURES MADE IN ORDINARY FLASK WITHOUT EXCLUDING AIR 


2D. 
6 D. 
99 D 
98 D 



1910 

< g 

g 

4 

July 2. 

2.314 

116. 407 

4 

July 5. 

6 . 891 

115. 888 

4 

.. .do. 

91. 774 

92. 732 

4 

...do. 

90. 471 

92. 310 


1.987 
5. 946 
d 98. 957 
d 97. 998 


d Corrected for o.oi per cent water in sample 4 . 


































































Osborne] 


421 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 
TABLE XLVII 

Record of Determinations of Density of Mixtures 

Assembled Results are Given in Table XLVIII 


Designa¬ 
tion ol 
mixture 

Date of 
density de¬ 
termination 

Condition of mixture 

Method of determina¬ 
tion 

Tempera¬ 
ture of 
determi¬ 
nation 
t 


D? 

95 D.... 

1910 

Apr. 23 

Air free. 

Picnometer 275... 

24. 9S8 

0. 800486 

0. 800476 

95 D.... 

.. .do. 

.do. 

Picnometer 274... 

25. 028 

.800440 

. 800464 

95 D.... 

.. .do. 

Air saturated... 

.do.. 

25. 016 

. 800427 

. 800441 

95 D.... 

Apr. 25 
.. .do. 

.do. 

.do. 

24. 997 

.800431 

. 800428 

95 E... 

Air free. 

Picnometer 275... 

24. 990 

. 800160 

. 800151 

95 F.... 

Apr. 26 

.do. 

.do. 

24. 970 

. 800077 

. 800051 

95 F.... 

...do. 

.do. 

.do. 

24. 970 

. 800087 

.800061 

95 F.... 

...do. 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

24. 976 

. 800023 

. 800004 

95 F... 

...do. 

.do. 

Hydrostatic. 

24. 979 

.800031 

. 800013 

95 F.... 

...do. 

.do. 

.... do. 

24. 978 

. 800024 

. 800005 

95 F.... 

...do. 

.do. 

.do. 

24. 976 

. 800033 

. 800012 

95 F.... 

Apr. 27 

.. .do. 

.do. 

.do. 

24. 999 

.800018 

. 800017 

90 D.... 

Air free. 

Picnometer 275... 

25. 003 

.813620 

.813623 

90 D.... 

...do. 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

24. 989 

.813608 

.813598 

90 D.... 

Apr. 29 

.do. 

Hydrostatic. 

25. 008 

. 813591 

.813598 

90 E.... 

Apr. 30 

Air free. 

Picnometer 276... 

25. 008 

. 813634 

.813641 

90 E.... 

...do. 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

25. 003 

. 813614 

. 813617 

80 D.... 

May 4 
...do. 

Air free .... 

. ..do. 

24. 993 

.839297 

. 839291 

80 D.... 

Air saturated... 

...do. 

24. 993 

.839245 

.839239 

80 D.... 

...do. 

.do. 

Hydrostatic. 

25. 008 

. 839248 

. 839255 

70 D.... 

...do. 

Air free. 

Picnometer 276... 

24. 992 

. 863344 

.863337 

70 D.... 

May 5 

Air saturated... 

Hydrostatic. 

25. 008 

. 863289 

. 863296 

60 D.... 

...do. 

Air free. 

Picnometer 276... 

25. 008 

. 886856 

. 886863 

60 D.... 

...do. 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

25. 000 

. 886840 

. 886840 

60 D.. .. 

. .do. 

.do. 

Picnometer 274... 

25. 008 

. 886820 

.886827 

60 D.... 

May 6 

.....do. 

Hydrostatic. 

25. 008 

.886831 

.886838 

50 D.... 

...do. 

Air free. 

Picnometer 276... 

25. 003 

. 909861 

. 909863 

50 D.... 

do... . 

Air saturated_ 

.do. 

25. 003 

. 909859 

. 909861 

50D-.-. 

May 7 

.do. 

Picnometer 274... 

25. 006 

. 909847 

. 909852 

40 D.... 

...do. 

Air free. 

Picnometer 276... 

24. 996 

. 930140 

.930139 

40 D... . 

...do. 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

24. 994 

. 930140 

. 930135 

65 D... . 
65 D... . 

May 9 
.. .do. 

Air free 

.do. 

25. 016 

. 875262 

. 875276 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

25. 013 

.875253 

. 875264 

30 D.... 
30 D.... 

20 D.... 
20 D.... 

May 10 
.do. 

Air free. 

. . .do. 

25. 004 

. 950682 

.950685 

Air saturated... 

... .do. 

24. 994 

. 950671 

.950667 

.do. 

Air free. 

.do. 

24. 983 

. 966394 

. 966393 

...do. 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

24. 988 

. 966380 

. 966379 

10 D.... 
10 D.... 

May 12 
...do. 

Air free.. . 

.. .do. 

25. 000 

. 980431 

.980431 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

25. 000 

. 980422 

. 980422 

55 D.... 

55 D.... 

May 13 

.. .do. 

Air free. 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

.do. 

24. 990 

24. 989 

.898584 

. 898575 

. 898576 

. 898566 

75 D.... 
75 D.... 

May 25 
.. .do. 

Air free. 

.. .do. 

24. 986 

. 851456 

. 851444 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

24. 970 

. 851447 

. 851421 

85 D... . 
85 D.... 

May 26 
...do. 

Air free. 

.do. 

24. 994 

. 826547 

. 826542 

Air saturated... 

. do . 

24. 996 

.826511 

. 826507 


















































422 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards ivoi.o 

TABLE XLVII—Continued 

Record of Determinations of Density of Mixtures—Continued 


Designa¬ 
tion of 
mixture 

Date of 
density de¬ 
termination 

Condition of mixture 

Method of determina¬ 
tion 

Tempera¬ 
ture of 
determi¬ 
nation 
t 

D J 

d?* 

4 


1910 






45 D.... 

May 27 

Air free. 

Picnometer 276 .. 

24. 983 

0. 920993 

0. 920980 

45 D.... 

.. .do. 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

24. 973 

.920980 

.920959 

35 D 

May 28 

Air free. 

.do. 

24. 980 

.941343 

. 941329 

35 D.... 

.. .do. 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

24. 986 

. 941336 

. 941326 

25 D 

June 2 

Air free 

.do. 

24. 983 

. 958810 

. 958800 

25 D.... 

...do. 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

24. 983 

. 958820 

. 958810 

15 D.. . 

June 3 

Air free. 

.do.. 

24. 986 

. 973333 

. 973328 

15 D.... 

...do. 

Air saturated... 

. do . 

24. 980 

. 973339 

. 973331 

5 D.... 

June 6 

Air free . 

... .do . 

24. 992 

. 988171 

. 988169 

5 D... . 

. . .do. 

Air saturated... 

.do. 

24. 996 

. 988177 

. 988176 

2 D.. 

Tulv 2 

_do . 

Hydrostatic. 

25. 070 

. 993365 

. 993383 

6 D.... 

July 5 

. do . 

. do . 

25. 045 

. 986636 

. 986648 

99 D.... 

.. .do . 

. do . 

. do . 

25.046 

. 788227 

. 788267 

98 D.... 

.. .do . 

.do . 

.do . 

25. 042 

. 791140 

. 791176 









The assembled results and their reduction to integral percent¬ 
ages are given in Table XLVIII. In this table also, columns 
5 and 6, are given the observed and calculated values for the effect 
of dissolved air on the density. 

The linear equation, 

Y = 0.3326 X 

in which Y represents the difference in density between air-free 
and air-saturated mixture, X the percentage of alcohol, and in 
which the coefficient is determined by a least square adjustment 
of the observed values of Y is used in calculating column 6. 

It is seen that for mixtures of 95 per cent and under this equa¬ 
tion represents the results within the limits of error of the determi¬ 
nations. If, however, the result for pure alcohol is considered, 
i. e., 0.000083, the equation is not satisfied within 0.00005. "The 
results for this effect of air on the density of mixtures are given 
here not within any claim to their precision, but merely as a 
rough index of the possible effect. Further investigation by 
more exact methods would be of interest. 


/ 

































Osborne] Density and Expansion oj Alcohol 423 


TABLE XLVIII 

Determination of Density of Alcohol-Water Mixtures, Assembled Results 

and Reductions 


Designation of mixture 

Per cent 
alcohol 
by weight 

Mean observed 

25° 

density at 

Air free D^ 

4 

minus air satu¬ 
rated D — 

4 

Reduction of air satu¬ 
rated D 25 to in 
tegral per cent 


Air free 

Air 

saturated 

OX 

Cal 

X10 6 

Per cent 
alcohol 
by weight 

Density 

25° 

at^-C 

4 

2D . 

1. 987 


0. 993383 



2 

0 993359 

5 D. 

4. 994 

0. 988169 

. 988176 

_ 7 

2 

5 

988166 

6 D. 

5. 946 

. 986648 



6 

. 986563 

10 D. 

10 . 008 

. 980431 

. 980422 

9 

3 

10 

. 980434 

15 D. 

15.010 

. 973328 

. 973331 

- 3 

5 

15 

. 973345 

20 D. 

20. 009 

. 966393 

. 966379 

14 

7 

20 

. 966392 

25 D. 

25. 088 

. 958800 

. 958810 

-10 

8 

25 

. 958946 

30 D. 

30. 003 

. 950685 

. 950667 

18 

10 

30 

. 950672 

35 D. 

35. 069 

. 941329 

. 941326 

3 

12 

35 

. 941459 

40 D. 

40. 651 

. 930139 

.930135 

4 

13 

40 

. 931483 

45 D. 

44. 950 

. 920980 

. 920959 

21 

15 

45 

.920850 

50 D. 

49. 998 

. 909863 

. 909856 

7 

17 

50 

. 909852 

55 D. 

54. 972 

. 898576 

. 898566 

10 

18 

55 

. 898502 

60 D. 

60. 067 

. 886863 

. 886835 

28 

20 

60 

. 886990 

65 D. 

65. 002 

. 875276 

.875264 

12 

22 

65 

. 875269 

70 D. 

70. 043 

. 863337 

. 863296 

41 

23 

70 

.863399 

75 D. 

74. 965 

.851444 

. 851421 

23 

25 

75 

.851336 

80 D. 

79. 946 

. 839291 

.839247 

44 

27 

80 

.839114 

85 D. 

85. 035 

. 826542 

. 826507 

35 

28 

85 

. 826596 

90 D. 

90. 007 

. 813623 

. 813598 

25 

30 

l on 


90 E. 

90. 004 

. 813641 

. 813617 

24 

30 


. 0 I 0 OZZ 

95 D. 

94. 818 

.800470 

. 800434 

36 

32 

\ 95 

700019 

95 F. 

94. 963 

. 800056 

. 800010 

46 

32 

J 95 

. /yyyiz 

98 D. 

97. 998 


. 791176 



98 

.791170 

99 D. 

98. 957 


. 788267 



99 

.788135 

100 (mean vslue). 

100. 000 

. 785141 

. 785058 

83 

33 

100 

. 785058 


Table XLIX gives for every integral per cent the density at 
io°, 15 0 , 20 0 , 25 0 , 30°, 35 0 , and 40° C in terms of the density of 
water at 4 0 C of mixtures of ethyl alcohol and water when satu¬ 
rated with air. The densities at 25 0 of integral per cents given 
in this table are derived from the experimental results of Table 
XLVIII by a method of interpolation partly graphical and partly 
analytical, the details of which are not of sufficient interest to be 
given here. The densities at io°, 15 0 , 20°, 30°, 35 0 , and 40° are 
calculated from the densities at 25 0 by use of the equation 

D* = D 2 -$ + a(t- 25) +/S(<-25) 2 +7(/-25) 3 

4 4 

The values of a , yS, and 7 are given in Table XXXVIIa. Page 402. 



















































IVol.Q 


424 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

7. ALCOHOLOMETRIC DENSITY TABLE 

TABLE XLIX 


Density of Mixtures of Ethyl Alcohol and Water D^ 


Per cent alcohol 
by weight 

Temperature t 

10° C 

15° C 

20° C 

25° C 

CO 

O 

O 

O 

35° C 

40° C 

0 

0. 99973 

0. 99913 

0. 99823 

0. 99708 

0. 99568 

0. 99406 

0. 99225 

1 

. 99785 

.99725 

. 99636 

.99520 

.99379 

.99217 

.99034 

2 

. 99602 

.99542 

.99453 

. 99336 

.99194 

.99031 

.98846 

3 

. 99426 

. 99365 

. 99275 

. 99157 

.99014 

. 98849 

. 98663 

4 

. 99258 

. 99195 

. 99103 

. 98984 

.98839 

.98672 

.98485 

5 

.99098 

. 99032 

. 98938 

. 98817 

.98670 

.98501 

.98311 

6 

. 98946 

.98877 

. 98780 

.98656 

. 98507 

.98335 

.98142 

7 

. 98801 

. 98729 

.98627 

.98500 

. 98347 

.98172 

.97975 

8 

.98660 

. 98584 

. 98478 

.98346 

.98189 

.98009 

.97808 

9 

.98524 

. 98442 

. 98331 

. 98193 

.98031 

. 97846 

.97641 

10 

. 98393 

. 98304 

. 98187 

. 98043 

. 97875 

.97685 

. 97475 

11 

.98267 

.98171 

. 98047 

.97897 

. 97723 

.97527 

.97312 

12 

. 98145 

. 98041 

. 97910 

.97753 

. 97573 

. 97371 

.97150 

13 

. 98026 

.97914 

. 97775 

.97611 

. 97424 

. 97216 

.96989 

14 

.97911 

. 97790 

. 97643 

. 97472 

.97278 

. 97063 

. 96829 

15 

. 97800 

. 97669 

. 97514 

. 97334 

.97133 

.96911 

.96670 

16 

. 97692 

. 97552 

. 97387 

. 97199 

. 96990 

. 96760 

.96512 

17 

. 97583 

. 97433 

. 97259 

. 97062 

. 96844 

. 96607 

. 96352 

18 

. 97473 

. 97313 

. 97129 

.96923 

. 96697 

. 96452 

. 96189 

19 

. 97363 

.97191 

.96997 

. 96782 

.96547 

. 96294 

.96023 

20 

. 97252 

.97068 

. 96864 

. 96639 

. 96395 

. 96134 

. 95856 

21 

.97139 

.96944 

. 96729 

.96495 

.96242 

. 95973 

. 95687 

22 

. 97024 

. 96818 

. 96592 

.96348 

. 96087 

. 95809 

. 95516 

23 

. 96907 

.96689 

. 96453 

. 96199 

. 95929 

. 95643 

. 95343 

24 

.96787 

.96558 

. 96312 

.96048 

. 95769 

. 95476 

. 95168 

25 

. 96665 

.96424 

. 96168 

. 95895 

. 95607 

.95306 

. 94991 

26 

. 96539 

. 96287 

.96020 

.95738 

.95442 

. 95133 

. 94810 

27 

.96406 

.96144 

. 95867 

. 95576 

. 95272 

. 94955 

.94625 

28 

. 96268 

.95996 

. 95710 

. 95410 

. 95098 

. 94774 

.94438 

29 

.96125 

.95844 

. 95548 

.95241 

. 94922 

. 94590 

.94248 

30 

. 95977 

. 95686 

. 95382 

. 95067 

. 94741 

.94403 

.94055 

31 

. 95823 

. 95524 

. 95212 

. 94890 

. 94557 

.94214 

. 93860 

32 

. 95665 

. 95357 

. 95038 

. 94709 

. 94370 

.94021 

.93662 

33 

. 95502 

. 95186 

. 94860 

. 94525 

. 94180 

.93825 

.93461 

34 

.95334 

. 95011 

. 94679 

. 94337 

. 93986 

. 93626 

.93257 

35 

. 95162 

. 94832 

. 94494 

. 94146 

. 93790 

. 93425 

. 93051 

36 

.94986 

.94650 

.94306 

.93952 

. 93591 

.93221 

.92843 

37 

. 94805 

.94464 

.94114 

. 93756 

. 93390 

. 93016 

.92634 

38 

.94620 

. 94273 

. 93919 

.93556 

. 93186 

.92808 

. 92422 

39 

.94431 

. 94079 

.93720 

.93353 

. 92979 

. 92597 

.92208 

40 

.94238 

. 93882 

.93518 

.93148 

. 92770 

.92385 

. 91992 

41 

.94042 

. 93682 

. 93314 

. 92940 

. 92558 

. 92170 

. 91774 

42 

. 93842 

. 93478 

. 93107 

.92729 

. 92344 

. 91952 

.91554 

43 

.93639 

. 93271 

. 92897 

. 92516 

.92128 

. 91733 

. 91332 

44 

. 93433 

.93062 

. 92685 

.92301 

. 91910 

.91513 

.91108 

45 

. 93226 

.92852 

. 92472 

. 92085 

.91692 

. 91291 

. 90884 

46 

. 93017 

.92640 

. 92257 

.91868 

.91472 

.91069 

. 90660 

47 

. 92806 

.92426 

.92041 

.91649 

.91250 

.90845 

.90434 

48 

. 92593 

.92211 

. 91823 

.91429 

. 91028 

.90621 

. 90207 

49 

.92379 

. 91995 

.91604 

.91208 

. 90805 

.90396 

. 89979 

50 

. 92162 

. 91776 

.91384 

. 90985 

. 90580 

. 90168 

. 89750 














50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 

72 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 
TABLE XLIX—Continued 


425 


Temperature t 


10 ° c 

15° C 

20° C 

25° C 

30° C 

35° C 

40° C 

0. 92162 

0. 91776 

0. 91384 

0. 90985 

0. 90580 

0. 90168 

0. 89750 

. 91943 

. 91555 

.91160 

.90760 

.90353 

.89940 

. 89519 

. 91723 

. 91333 

.90936 

.90534 

. 90125 

.89710 

.89288 

. 91502 

.91110 

.90711 

.90307 

.89896 

. 89479 

. 89056 

. 91279 

.90885 

.90485 

.90079 

.89667 

.89248 

. 88823 

. 91055 

.90659 

.90258 

.89850 

.89437 

.89016 

. 88589 

.90831 

. 90433 

.90031 

.89621 

.89206 

. 88784 

. 88356 

. 90607 

. 90207 

. 89803 

. 89392 

.88975 

. 88552 

. 88122 

. 90381 

.89980 

.89574 

. 89162 

.88744 

.88319 

.87888 

. 90154 

. 89752 

.89344 

.88931 

.88512 

. 88085 

.87650 

. 89927 

.89523 

.89113 

. 88699 

. 88278 

. 87851 

.87417 

. 89698 

. 89293 

.88882 

.88466 

.88044 

.87615 

.87180 

.89468 

.89062 

. 88650 

.88233 

.87809 

. 87379 

.86943 

.89237 

.88830 

. 88417 

. 87998 

.87574 

.87142 

. 86705 

.89006 

. 88597 

. 88183 

. 87763 

.87337 

.86905 

.86466 

. 88774 

.88364 

. 87948 

. 87527 

. 87100 

. 86667 

.86227 

. 88541 

.88130 

. 87713 

.87291 

. 86863 

. 86429 

. 85987 

.88308 

.87895 

. 87477 

. 87054 

.86625 

. 86190 

. 85747 

. 88074 

. 87660 

. 87241 

. 86817 

.86387 

.85950 

.85507 

. 87839 

. 87424 

.87004 

. 86579 

.86148 

. 85710 

. 85266 

. 87602 

.87187 

. 86766 

.86340 

.85908 

. 85470 

. 85025 

. 87365 

.86949 

. 86527 

. 86100 

. 85667 

. 85228 

. 84783 

. 87127 

. 86710 

. 86287 

.85859 

. 85426 

. 84986 

. 84540 

. 86888 

.86470 

.86047 

. 85618 

.85184 

. 84743 

. 84297 

.86648 

. 86229 

.85806 

. 85376 

. 84941 

.84500 

.84053 

.86408 

. 85988 

.85564 

. 85134 

.84698 

. 84257 

.83809 

.86168 

. 85747 

. 85322 

.84891 

.84455 

.84013 

.83564 

.85927 

. 85505 

. 85079 

.84647 

.84211 

. 83768 

. 83319 

.85685 

. 85262 

.84835 

.84403 

.83966 

. 83523 

. 83074 

.85442 

. 85018 

. 84590 

. 84158 

.83720 

.83277 

.82827 

. 85197 

.84772 

.84344 

.83911 

. 83473 

. 83029 

.82578 

.84950 

.84525 

.84096 

.83664 

.83224 

. 82780 

. 82329 

.84702 

.84277 

. 83848 

. 83415 

.82974 

.82530 

. 82079 

.84453 

.84028 

. 83599 

.83164 

. 82724 

. 82279 

. 81828 

.84203 

. 83777 

.83348 

. 82913 

.82473 

. 82027 

.81576 

. 83951 

.83525 

. 83095 

. 82660 

.82220 

. 81774 

. 81322 

. 83697 

.83271 

.82840 

.82405 

. 81965 

.81519 

. 81067 

.83441 

. 83014 

.82583 

. 82148 

. 81708 

. 81262 

.80811 

.83181 

. 82754 

.82323 

.81888 

.81448 

. 81003 

.80552 

.82919 

. 82492 

.82062 

.81626 

. 81186 

.80742 

.80291 

.82654 

.82227 

. 81797 

. 81362 

.80922 

.80478 

.80028 

.82386 

. 81959 

. 81529 

.81094 

.80655 

.80211 

.79761 

.82114 

. 81688 

.81257 

. 80823 

.80384 

. 79941 

. 79491 

. 81839 

. 81413 

.80983 

. 80549 

.80111 

.79669 

.79220 

. 81561 

.81134 

. 80705 

. 80272 

.79835 

.79393 

. 78947 

. 81278 

. 80852 

. 80424 

. 79991 

. 79555 

.79114 

. 78670 

. 80991 

.80566 

. 80138 

. 79706 

.79271 

.78831 

. 78388 

.80698 

. 80274 

. 79846 

. 79415 

.78981 

. 78542 

.78100 

.80399 

. 79975 

. 79547 

.79117 

.78684 

.78247 

.77806 

.80094 

(. 79670 

.79243 

. 78814 

. 78382 

. 77946 

.77507 

.79784 

.79360 

.78934 

.78506 

. 78075 

. 77641 

.77203 















426 


[Vol.Q 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 
TABLE L 

Comparison of Densities of Various Per Cents Alcohol by Weight 


Per 

cent 

alcohol 

by 

weight 

Bureau 
of Stand¬ 
ards 1376 
1910 

Bureau 
of Stand¬ 
ards 1216 
1909 

[endelS 

B. S. 
1910— 
B. S. 
1909 

eff’s values 

E. W. 
Mor- 

jeyioto 

1904 

; recalcv 

B. S. 
1910— 
Mor- 

4 * ley 

dated by— 

K. 

Normal- 

Eichungs 

Komm.® 

1893« 

B. S. 
1910— 
K. N. 
E. K. 

Mende- 

16eff 207 > 241 

1865/ 

B. S. 
1910- 
Mend. 

Kreit- 

ling 645 

1892? 

B.S. 

1910— 

Kreit. 

D^C 

D^°C 

Units 

of 

fifth 

place 

D^°C 

Units 

of 

fifth 

place 

d 2 -£c 

Units 

of 

fifth 

place 


Units 

of 

fifth 

place 

D^°C 

Units 

of 

fifth 

place 

0 

99823 

99824 

-1 

99824 

- 1 

99824 

- 1 

99831 

- 8 

99823 

0 

5 

98939 

98936 

+3 

98927 

+ 12 

98948 

- 9 

98945 

- 6 

98941 

- 2 

10 

98187 

98185 

+2 , 

98189 

- 2 

98197 

-10 

98195 

- 8 

98194 

- 7 

15 

97514 

97522 

-8 

97519 

- 5 

97533 

-19 

97527 

-13 

97531 

-17 

20 

96864 

96870 

-6 

96872 

- 8 

96877 

-13 

96877 

-13 

96877 

-13 

25 

' 96168 

96171 

-3 

96175 

- 7 

96171 

- 3 

96185 

-17 

96175 

- 7 

30 

95382 

95385 

-3 

95387 

- 5 

95381 

+ 1 

95403 

-21 

95380 

+ 2 

35 

94494 

94499 

-5 

94506 

-12 

94496 

- 2 

94514 

-20 

94503 

- 9 

40 

93519 

93524 

-5 

93525 

- 6 

93523 

- 4 

93511 

+ 8 

93527 

- 8 

45 

92472 

92480 

-8 

92483 

-11 

92484 

-12 

92493 

-21 

92485 

-13 

50 

91384 

91386 

-2 

91386 

- 2 

91393 

- 9 

91400 

-16 

91392 

- 8 

55 

90258 

90262 

-4 

90263 

- 5 

90265 

- 7 

90275 

-17 

90263 

- 5 

60 

89114 

89115 

-1 

89115 

- 1 

89115 

- 1 

89129 

-15 

89114 

0 

65 

87948 

87950 

-2 

87950 

- 2 

87946 

+ 2 

87961 

-13 

87948 

0 

70 

86766 

86770 

-4 

86769 

- 3 

86762 

+ 4 

86781 

-15 

86767 

- 1 

75 

85564 

85570 

-6 

85569 

- 5 

85562 

+ 2 

85580 

-16 

85567 

- 3 

80 

84344 

84349 

-5 

84348 

- 4 

84339 

+ 5 

84366 

-22 

84347 

- 3 

85 

83095 

83097 

-2 

83097 

- 2 

83091 

+ 4 

83115 

-20 

83099 

- 4 

90 

81797 

81795 

+2 

81794 

+ 3 

81795 

+ 2 

81801 

- 4 

81801 

- 4 

95 

80423 

80417 

+6 

80421 

+ 2 

80424 

- 1 

80433 

-10 

80424 

- 1 

100 

78934 

78933 

+ 1 

78932 

+ 2 

78939 

- 5 

78945 

-n. 

78930 

+ 4 


« Recalculated from Mendeleeff’s values of D— 0 C, given in Landolt and Bomstein ( 1905 ). 
/ Mendeleeff’s 207 * 241 uncorrected values. 

O 

0 Recalculated from Kreitling’s 646 values of D^oC. 























Osborne] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 


427 


TABLE LI 

Comparison of Densities of Various Per Cents Alcohol by Volume at 60° F 

(15?56 C) 


Per 
cent 
alco¬ 
hol by 
vol¬ 
ume 
at 

60° F 

Bureau 
of Stand¬ 
ards 1378 
1910 

Mendelfieff’s values recalculated 
by— 

McCul¬ 

loch 11 ^ 

B. S. 
1910— 
McC. 

Squibb 138 < 

B. S. 
1910— 
Squibb 

Gilpin,* 

Drink- 

water, 102 

and 

Squibb 133 * 

B.S. 

1910- 

£•’ 

D., 

and S 

Bureau 
of Stand - 
ards 1218 
1909 

B. S. 
1910— 
B. S. 
1909 

K. 

Normal- 

Eichungs 

Komm.® 

B. S. 
1910— 
K. N. 
E. K. 

D 60* F 


Units 

of 

fifth 

place 


Units 

of 

fifth 

place 

D—F 

■^60°* 

Units 

of 

fifth 

place 

T)^ 0 -c> 

D 60 oF 

Units 

of 

fifth 

place 


Units 

of 

fifth 

place 

0 

1.00000 

1.00000 

0 

1.00000 

0 

1.00000 

0 

1.0000 

0 

1.00000 

0 

5 

.99282 

.99283 

- 1 

.99279 

+ 3 

.99289 

- 7 

.9930 

-18 

.99281 

+ 1 

10 

.98659 

.98658 

+ 1 

.98657 

+ 2 

.98663 

- 4 

.9869 

-31 

.98660 

- 1 

15 

.98104 

.98112 

- 8 

.98114 

-10 

.98114 

-10 

.9815 

-46 

.98114 

-10 

20 

.97595 

.97607 

-12 

.97608 

-13 

.97600 

- 5 

.9760 

- 5 

.97608 

-13 

25 

.97086 

.97096 

-10 

.97097 

-11 

.97087 

- 1 

.9709 

- 4 

.97097 

-11 

30 

.96535 

.96540 

- 5 

.96541 

- 6 

.96541 

- 6 

.9652 

+ 15 

.96541 

- 6 

35 

.95910 

.95909 

+ 1 

.95910 

0 

.95915 

- 5 

.9593 

-20 

.95910 

0 

40 

.95179 

.95184 

- 5 

.95185 

- 6 

.95192 

-13 

.9519 

-11 

.95185 

- 6 

45 

.94350 

.94360 

-10 

.94364 

-14 

.94359 

- 9 

.9434 

+10 

.94364 

-14 

50 

.93428 

.93440 

-12 

. 93445 

-17 

.93437 

- 9 

.9343 

- 2 

.93443 

-15 

55 

.92419 

.92435 

-16 

.92439 

-20 

.92427 

- 8 

.9242 

- 1 



60 

.91343 

.91356 

-13 

.91358 

-15 

.91346 

- 3 

.9135 

- 7 



65 

.90202 

.90210 

- 8 

.90214 

-12 

.90211 

- 9 

.9025 

-48 



70 

.88999 

.89004 

- 5 

.89010 

-11 

.89003 

- 4 

.8900 

- 1 



75 

.87729 

.87734 

- 5 

. 87740 

-11 

.87730 

- 1 

.8769 

+39 



80 

.86381 

.86389 

- 8 

.86395 

-14 

. 86384 

- 3 

.8639 

- 9 



85 

.84942 

.84955 

-13 

.84961 

-19 

. 84950 

- 8 

.8496 

-18 



90 

.83381 

.83394 

-13 

.83400 

-19 

. 83385. 

- 4 

.8340 

-19 



95 

.81604 

.81611 

- 7 

.81616 

-12 

.81598 

+ 6 

.8164 

-36 



100 

.79388 

.79387 

+ 1 

.79391 

- 3 

.79461 

-73 

.7946 

-72 




h From the table given in Gauger’s Manual. 216 * 1811, 
i Bulletin No. 107 (Revised) Bureau of Chemistry. 12 *- 



























428 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Voi.9 

8. REVIEW OF RESULTS 

A comparison between the results of this investigation and 
those of other experimenters is shown in Tables L and LI. The 
results compared are the basis of several of the most important 
alcoholometric tables in general use at the present time. In 
order to render the different tables directly comparable, they have, 
as far as possible, been reduced to the same temperature basis. 

In regard to the accuracy of Mendeleeff’s results, reference to 
his publication 241 of 1869 and examination of the tables of den¬ 
sities which he calculated by least square adjustment of the 
experimental data, shows differences between the observed and 
calculated results of several units of the fourth decimal place. 
Whether these discrepancies are attributed to experimental error 
or arise from defective adjustment, they furnish an indication of 
the magnitude of unexplained discordance. The adjusted values 
agree slightly better than the observed with the results presented 
here and have been used for comparison. 

Explanation of the outstanding differences shown in the pre¬ 
ceding comparison tables will not here be undertaken further than 
to suggest the possibility that a greater degree of refinement in 
apparatus and experimental conditions with regard to temperature 
control and measurement in particular have in the present work 
enabled the attainment of higher precision. 

Taking into account all sources of error it would be difficult to 
account for any error in Table XLIX greater than .00004; how¬ 
ever, the desirability of further experimental work to ascertain 
the accuracy with which the fundamental determinations can be 
repeated by another observer is suggested. 

In conclusion, the author acknowledges indebtedness to Mr. 
H. W. Bearce for valuable assistance in the observations and 
calculations involved in the determinations. 

Washington, August 1, 1910 


PART 4 

DENSITY OF ETHYL ALCOHOL AND OF ITS MIXTURES 
WITH WATER. (A CONFIRMATORY SERIES) 

By H. W. Bearce 

During December, 1910, and January, 1911, the work on ethyl 
alcohol and its mixtures with water was continued. A second 
and independent series of mixtures were prepared and their 
densities measured at 15 0 and 25 0 for the purpose of determining 
the reproducibility of the results already obtained. By making 
the determinations at both 15 0 and 25 0 it was possible to verify, 
at the same time, the densities at 25 0 and the rate of change of 
density between 15 0 and 25 0 . 

VII. DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK 
1. MATERIAL, APPARATUS, AND METHODS 

The alcohol used for making the mixtures was from two new 
distillations of the same original material as that used in the first 
series. 

A mixture of fractions 4, 6, and 8 of Experiment XIV (see 
p. 366, pt. 1) was used for making the mixtures designated in 
Table UV as 10 E, 20 E, 30 G, 40 E, 60 E, 70 E, 80 E, and 90 E, 
while for making those mixtures designated as 20 G, 30 H, 50 E, 
and 70 F the mixed fractions for Experiment XV were used. 
The alcohol used for making the mixtures was in each case, imme¬ 
diately after distillation, placed in a glass receptacle closed by closely 
fitting ground joints. This receptacle was provided with a burette 
attachment through which the alcohol was drawn off as required 
for making the mixtures. Only air that had been passed through 
drying tubes containing calcium chloride and phosphorous pen- 
toxide was allowed to come in contact with the alcohol. 

The balances, weights, thermometers, sinker, and apparatus 
for controlling the temperature were those already described 


429 


430 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [V0I.9 

All density determinations were made by the method of hydro¬ 
static weighing. The methods of procedure that have been 
described in detail in parts 2 and 3 of this paper were, as far as 
possible, followed in part 4. 

During this series of measurements ice-point readings of the 
thermometers were not taken after each temperature, but were 
taken at intervals sufficiently short to have shown any consider¬ 
able change had it occurred. It is believed that the mean of the 
extended series of ice-point readings available from earlier work 
with the same thermometers, at the same temperatures, gives as 
consistent and as reliable results as could be obtained by indi¬ 
vidual readings. 

For making the mixtures an ordinary graduated, stoppered flask 
was used instead of the special mixing bulb described in part 3. 
All mixtures were made with twice-distilled, air-free water, and 
to prevent expulsion of air bubbles at the higher temperature the 
mixtures were freed from excess of dissolved air by evacuating to 
about 1 cm of mercury and thoroughly shaking. At the time 
of determination they were probably in an approximately air- 
saturated condition. 

In the following tabulated results no determinations have been 
omitted except those of two mixtures which were spoiled in the 
process of making and one other in which the temperature con¬ 
ditions were unsatisfactory. A comparison of these results with 
those given in part 3 of this paper is shown in Table TV, page 435. 


. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 


Scarce ] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 


CM 




W 

t-J 

PQ 

< 

H 


X 

C 

03 

> 

X 

CO 

S3 

<D 

s 

• rH 

1h 

<U 

& 

w 

a 

o 

1-4 


o 

rfl 

O 

O 


co 

S3 

<U 

Q 


CO 

C 

O 
• *—« 

.a 

e 

*-» 

CD 

4-> 

<D 

O 


9 

\n 

° rH 

.ts ai«n i,*, 

fl2 P 

QS 


rH 

o 

Tf 

in 


in 

8 

in 

co 

CM 

rH 

rH 

r—4 

§ 

00 

o 

o 

VO 

VO 

O 

o 

in 

in 

in 

vO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

co 

CO 

co 

co 

On 

On 

On 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

O 


r> 



fH 

1> 

fH 

fn 

i> 

• 

O 

• 







♦ 


4> 

. . — »H 


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CO 

VQ 

co 

1> 

o 

o 


• 

Density ( 
liquid al 
observed 
temperatu 

D- 


00 

rH 


O 

Tf 

o 

rH 

co 

• 


Tf 

o 

m 

in 

o 

in 

in 

O 

i 


co 

co 

co 

CO 

co 

co 

co 

CO 

• 


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On 

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o 

o 

o 

o 

O 

• 


N 

1> 

1> 



trr 



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• 

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• 

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Tf 

Tf 

Tf 

Tf 

Tf 

• 

• 

uS 


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fn 

On 

0 

r-4 

CM 

rH 

VO 

• 

• 


CO 


On 

o 

SO 

3 

CM 

VO 

• 

2: tS 3 

S’S’S-s 1 


Tf 

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r-H 


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H 

rH 

H 

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• 

f. 1 W 


CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

3 

CM 

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• 


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5 * 


00 

00 


S 00 00 

00 00 

8 8 8 


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00 00 

8 8 


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r-H rH 

8 8 


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O 

o 


CM 

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in 

1> 

00 

00 

r—H 


CM 

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8 

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in 

in 

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Tf 

Tf 

in 

Tf 

rH 

r—4 

r-H 

r-H 

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r-H 

H 

r-4 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

O 

O 

vO 

O 

O 

vO 

O 

O 


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G 3 2 

G O 4 > JJ 
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w l 


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in in Tf’ Tf in in in in Tf Tf in in in in Tf Tf 


IS 

0) VO 

G ^ 

ci • 

O £ 


OOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOCOOOOOVO 

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QrHrnOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

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£ 

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P=4 


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C 

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a 

cs 

O 


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c3 


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0) 

X 


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o> u 

B 8 


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1 


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CM 

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00 

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O 

Dec. 

P 

r-4 

• 

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P 

CM 

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CM 

• 

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0 

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O 

a 


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G 


X 


Thermometer corrections: No. 4653, -f 0.°058 C; No. 2040, -0.°008 C. Mass of sinker No. 7, 99.9990 g. 

























































432 


Bulletin oj the Bureau oj Standards 


W 

-1 

PQ 

< 

H 


> 

X 

G 

OJ 

> 

h —4 

X 

CO 

C 

<D 

6 

• rH 

V -4 

0) 

cu 

w 


o 

Vh 


o 

X 

o 

u 


CO 

c 

<D 

Q 


Density of 
liquid at 25° 

0. 785042 

. 785036 

. 785049 

. 785058 

. 785046 

Density of 
liquid at 
observed 
temperature 

d[ 

0. 785049 

. 785047 

. 784982 

. 785029 

Volume of 
sinker at 
observed 
temperature 

ml 

47. 71843 

47. 71843 

47. 71853 

47. 71847 

True 
weight of 
sinker 
in liquid 

g 

62. 5377 

62. 5378 

62. 5408 

62. 5386 

Air 

buoyancy 

on 

weights 

g 

0. 0088 

.0090 

.0087 

.0087 

Air density 
within 
balance 
case 

g/ml 

0. 001182 

. 001203 

.001162 

.001162 

Apparent 
weight of 
sinker 
in liquid 

g 

62. 5465 

62. 5468 

62. 5495 

62. 5473 

Mean 

corrected 

tempera¬ 

ture 

t 

(vi oo t*- 

On 00 N fO 

o On On O O 

© . • • • • 

t*- ^ in in • 

cvji cvi (\i cj 

Corrected tempera¬ 
ture 

Haak 
No. 2040 

ooNininin co oo 

OnOnOnOnOOOOcoco • 

QOnQnOnOnOOOO 

vf^-Tt-Tfinininin 

(M (V4 (VI CVJ C'J (vj (V* CSJ 

• 

Tonnelot 
No. 4653 

roroOOcnoOroOOO 

OnOnOOnON(vipO 

O O'On On On O O O O 

Tj-T^rfTt-inininin • 


o 

.o 

a 

a 

a 

o 

u 

a 


a> 

W 

•H 

a 

oo 

a 

CCS 


co 

« 

o 

• H 
•4^ 

o 

ccs 

*0 

a> 

x 


o 


'O .2 

^ a 


a 

<U V4 

IS 

ss 

P< 3 

* a 
H 


Eh ^ ^ ^ 
X X X X 


© 

4-* 

cs 

Q 


On On 


a 

cd 


fO 

a 

cd 


On 


O 

ro 

• 

a 

cd 


o 

ft 


C 

cd 

o 

S 


tuO 

o 

On 

On 

On 

• 

On 

On 


O 

ft . 

l-i 

a> 

J 4 

a 

• H 

w 


CO 

CO 

cd 

a 


o 

O 

rH 

o 

o 

• 

o 

I 

•* 

o 

o 

(V| 

o 

ft 


oo 

o 

o 

o 

• 

o 

+ 

ro 

in 

o 


o 

ft 


CO 

a 

o 

•H 

• 4 -* 

o 

o 

Wi 

M 

o 

o 

a> 

-4-* 

a> 

a 

o 

a 

V4 

o 

.a 

H 


[Vo/. 9 








































Determination of Densities of Alcohol-Water Mixtures 


Bearce] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 433 




























































TABLE LIV—Continued 


434 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 


Integral 

tempera¬ 

ture 

t' 

Ominmininininininin in in 

o * C'J H (NJ H CN| H H M 

Integral 
per cent 

60 

60 

70 

70 

70 

70 

80 

80 

90 

90 

100 

100 

Density 
reduced to 
integral per 
cent and in¬ 
tegral temp. 

K 

. 895239 

. 886985 

. 871842 

. 863374 

. 871884 

. 863418 

.847729 

. 839099 

. 822281 

. 813604 

. 79360 

. 78505 

Density of 
liquid at 
observed 
tempera¬ 
ture 

D- 

. 894753 

. 886493 

. 871490 

. 863138 

. 871973 

. 863584 

. 847643 

. 839027 

. 822449 

.813643 

Volume of 
sinker at 
observed 
tempera¬ 
ture 

ml 

47. 70756 

47. 71848 

47. 70758 

47. 71834 

47. 70754 

47. 71836 

47. 70759 

47. 71848 

47. 70738 

47. 71846 

Air buoy¬ 
ancy on 
weights 

e 

.0082 

.0083 

. 0081 

.0081 

.0081 

.0082 

.0083 

.0084 

.0086 

.0086 

Air density 
within 
balance case 

g/ml 

.001203 

. 001203 

.001164 

.001164 

.001165 

.001165 

. 001171 

.001171 

.001182 

.001182 

Apparent 
weight of 
sinker in 
liquid 

g 

57. 3207 

57. 7052 

58. 4304 

58. 8196 

58. 4074 

58. 7984 

59. 5683 

59. 9703 

60. 7707 

61. 1818 

Mean 

corrected 

tempera¬ 

ture 

t 

i-Hf-HOOvOI>OOOvOO • • 

ic^mcovo*-H . . 

UOOOOOOOOOOO ' . 

lO in lO rf lO Tj-* lo in Tj- lo • « 

(N CN r-H Qvj i-H • • 

Corrected tem¬ 
perature 

Haak 
No. 2040 

mmooonnnnnnoooo • oo in in in ! ! 

..■'tTj-TfinTt-infHrHpHrHN^O • ^ Tj" ^ CN (N • . 

UOOOOOOOOOOOnOnO *00000000 • • 

0 in in in in in in Tf Tt- in in Tf Tf in • in in rt- in in • • 

1 »—C'l »-H *“H C^4 (\J • • 

• • « 

Tonnelot 
No. 4653 

OOrOfOfOOOfOOOOOOOrOOOfOro *00 00 00 00 00 00 
n ^Tt , fO(OTMnooHHOfoin 'MMinmoo . . 

UOOOOOOOnOnOOOnOnO *00000000 

in in in in in in Tf in in ^ Tt* in . m in tj- Tt- in in • 

^ j-H <S| (N»"H J-H (Si Cs| i (NJ C4 rH rH C4 . , 

Per cent 
alcohol 
by weight 

60. 197 

60. 197 

70. 131 

70. 131 

69. 957 

69. 957 

80. 016 

80. 016 

89. 980 

89. 980 

100. 000 
100. 000 


M 

3 

-w 

.£3 

a 

o 

G 

.2 

CJ 

G 

C/3 

<D 

Q 


• 

• 

• 

t 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

* 

• 

• 

• 

» 

i 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

1 

• 

1 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

1 

i 

• 

• 

G G 

cd c3 

0) o 

i 

i 

« 

i 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

i 

• 

1 

1 

» 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

i 

££ 

w 

W 

W 

W 

to 

to 

W 

W 

W 

w 

o o 
o o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

VO 

O 




x> 

00 

00 

On 

On 

r-H r-H 


tro/. 3 


Thermometer corrections: Tonnelot No. 4653, +C?058 C at 15°; -f0?008 at 25° C; Haak No. 2040, -0?008 C at 15°; -0?010 at 25°. 
Mass of sinker No. 7, 99.9990 g. x 



























































Bearce] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 
TABLE LV 

A Comparison of Results 


435 


Per cent 
alcohol 
by weight 

D^C 

Osborne 

15° 

D^oC 

Bearce 

(O-B) 

difference 

X10& 

d 2 4x 

Osborne 

Dfc 

Bearce 

(O-B) 

difference 

X10 5 

0 

0. 99913 

0. 99913 


0. 99708 

0. 99708 
. 98044 


10 

.98304 

. 98305 

-1 

.98043 

-1 

20 

.97069 

.97070 

-1 

.96639 

. 96640 

-1 

30 

.95686 

.95688 

-2 

.95067 

.95067 

0 

40 

.93883 

.93882 

+ 1 

.93148 

.93146 

+2 

50 

.91776 

.91777 

-1 

.90985 

.90985 

0 

60 

.89523 

.89524 

-1 

.88699 

. 88698 

+1 

70 

. 87187 

. 87186 

+ 1 

.86340 

. 86340 

0 

80 

. 84772 

. 84773 

-1 

.83911 

.83910 

+1 

90 

. 82228 

. 82228 

0 

. 81362 

.81360 

+2 

100 

. 79360 

. 79360 

0 

.78506 

. 78505 

+ 1 


77398 °—13 -8 



















PART 5 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
By E. C. McKelvy 

VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE LITERATURE ON ALCOHOL 
AND ALCOHOLOMETRY 

This bibliography has been compiled to meet the need of work¬ 
ers in the field of alcoholometry and all those interested in the 
physical properties and purification of the alcohols. It is hoped 
that the field has been covered reasonably completely. Especial 
attention has been given to completeness with respect to the 
purification and physical properties of ethyl alcohol and the 
points discussed in the present paper. It is considered that prac¬ 
tically every physical property has a possible application in 
alcoholometry and in the tests that go to show the existence of a 
chemically pure substance. The three factors most important in 
the choosing of a physical constant for determining the composi¬ 
tion of alcohol-water mixtures, or any other binary mixture, are, 
first, sensitiveness, determined by the rate of change of the given 
constant with change in composition; second, accuracy of the 
determination of the physical constant; third, ease and range of 
applicability. The first, though depending somewhat on the sec¬ 
ond and third factors, is more or less fixed, being essentially 
dependent on the nature of the components. The second and 
third factors depend largely on the state of experimental physical 
science, and consequently change as science progresses. The study 
of the relation between physical constants and composition in the 
binary mixture ethyl alcohol-water, in order to get light on the 
first factor above mentioned, has been taken up thoroughly for 
only a few constants. The density and thermal expansion have 
been studied most extensively because of their early application 
to alcoholometry. In the determination of the physical constants 
of pure ethyl alcohol, as a rule, little attention has been paid to 
436 


McKelvy] 


437 


Density and Expansion o) Alcohol 

the possible water content and its effect. A critical analysis of 
the results already obtained on other constants besides those 
above mentioned and the redetermination of many of them are 
contemplated at this Bureau. The compilation of this bibliog¬ 
raphy is a preliminary step in that direction. 

No attempt has been made to cover the more technological 
parts of the subject or the chemistry of alcoholic fermentations. 
Acknowledgment is made of the valuable help given by Dr. W. 
Bein, of the “ Kaiserliche Normal-Eichungs Kommission,” Berlin, 
in the preparation of this part of the work. 

1. REFERENCES IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER 

Each reference is made up, where the complete information is 
available, of the name of author or authors, the journal in which 
presented, the extent of the article, and the year in which pub¬ 
lished except where the chronological arrangement shows that 
information. The references of special interest with respect to 
the work of this paper are provided with an asterisk. Special 
parts of extensive articles are indicated by the page number. 
Notices of the abstracts are also included in the majority of cases. 

The references are arranged chronologically by years and alpha¬ 
betically within the year. They are numbered consecutively. 
The accompanying numbers in italics refer to the decimal classifi¬ 
cation of the subject matter and show the subjects treated of in 
the article in a much more complete manner than the title. 

The abbreviations are, with few exceptions, those used by Chem¬ 
ical Abstracts, published by the American Chemical Society. 
C. B. has been used to indicate “Chemisches Zentralblatt ” and 
J. B. the “ Jahresberichte fiber die Fortschritte der Chemie und 
verwandter Teile anderer Wissenschaften.” 

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF REFERENCES 

1 . Lullus, Raymond (18th Century). Preparation of Concentrated Alcohol “Ultima consolatio corporis 

humani.” (See H. Lescoeur ( 1896 )): 631142. 

1769 

2. Brisson. Mem. acad. franc., 433 : 2222, 22221 , 73. 

1785 


3 . Hagen, C. G. Diss. Regiomontanus, Dissertatio de natura partis inflammabilis spiritus vini: 13. 


438 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 


[ Vol.Q 


1790 

*4. Blagden, C. Phil. Trans., 80, 321-45: 2222 , 22221 , 3222 , 32221 , 74 . 

1792 

*5. Blagden, C. Phil. Trans., 82, 425-55; Ann. chim. phys. (1), 23, 139 (1797): 2222, 22221, 3222, 32221 . 

6. Ramsden, J. Ann. chim. phys. (1), 13, 243-79; Gilb. Ann., 1, 162 (1799): 75 . 

1793 

7 . Richter, J. B. Anfangsgriinde der Stochyometrie oder Messkunst chymischer Elemente. Dr it ter 

Theil. Breslau und Hirschberg bei Johann Friedrich Korn dem Aelteren, 263: 631143. 

1794 

*8. Gilpin, Geo. Phil. Trans., 84, 275-382; Gren. Neues Jahrbuch, 2, 365 (1795); Ann. chim. phys. (1) 
23, 139 (1797): 73 - 

1795 

9. Richter, J. B. Ueber die neueren Gegenstande der Chymie. Breslau, Hirschberg und Eissa in Siid- 
preussen bei Johann Friedrich Korn dem Aelteren. V Heft, p. 8, 72; VIII Heft, p. 67 (1797): 2222 , 
631143 . 

1796 

*10. Lowitz, T. Crelle’s Chem. Ann., 1, 195-204; Nova Acta. Petropolitanae, 11, 299 (1798): 2222, 631142, 
631146 . 

*11. Richter, D. Crelle’s Chem. Ann., 2, an: 2222 , 631143 . 

12. Schmidt, G. G. Neues Gren. J., 3, 118-33; Gilb. Ann., 17, 485-71 (1804); 26, 368 (1807): 721. 

1802 

13. Fletscher, J. Nicholson’s J., 2, 276-81; Gilb. Ann., 38, 432-41 (1811); 49, 191 (1815): 721. 

1803 


14. Atkins, G. Ann. chim. phys. (1), 48, 5-28: 75 . 

*15. Atkins, G. and Coy. Phil. Mag. Tilloch., 16, 26-33, 205-12, 305-12; 17, 204-10, 329-41 (1804): 7 . 

16. Speer, T. C. Phil. Mag., 14, 151: 721 . 

1807 


17. Saussure, N. T. de. Ann. chim. phys. (1), 62, 225-41; Gilb. Ann., 29, 118-34, 268 (1808); Ann. chim, 
phys. (x), 89, 273-305 (18x4): 2222, 631143. 


1808 


18. Atkins, G. Phil. Mag. Tilloch., 31, 254-8: 721. 


1809 


19. Sommerring, S. T. von. 

3227 . 


Denkschr. Akad. Munchen (1811-12), 273-92; Gilb. Ann., 61, 104-10 (1819). 

1811 


*20. Tralles, J. G. Secret, d. Math. Klasse Akad. Wiss. Berlin; 
684: 3222 , 32221 , 72 , 73 . 


1812 


Gilb. Ann., 38, 349-432; confer reference 


21. Meissner, W. Hermbstadt. Bull., 10, 160-8: 721 . 


1813 

22. Dubuc, G. Ann. chim. phys. (1), 86, 314-36; Gilb. Ann., 46, 187 (1814): 6311. 

23. Meissner, P. T. Trommsdorff. J. Pharm., 21, 12, and 22, 3-42: 721. 

1814 

24. Hutton. Gilb. Ann., 45, 119-27; Schweigger, J., 8, 128-30 (1813); 19, 301-7 (1817): 2234, 3234, 63123. 


McKelvy] 


439 


Density and Expansion oj Alcohol 

1815 

25 . Gay-Lussac, L. J. Ann. chim. phys. (i), 95 , 311-8; Mem. Soc. d’Arceuil, 3 ,102 (1817): 16,2222, 631132, 

1816 

26 . Gay-Lussac, L. J. Ann. chim. phys. (2), 2 , 130-6: 22221. 

27 . Meissner, W. Wien (pp. 81, 83): 2222, 631143, 71. 

1820 

28 . Gay-Lussac, L. J. Ann. chim. phys. (2), 13 , 62 (p. 78): 5213. 

29 . Sommerring, S. T. von. Denkschr. Akad. Miinchen (18:8-20), 245-64; (1823-24), 101-20: 3227, 63124. 

1821 

30 . Lamberti, A. von. Treatise, Dorpat: 71. 

1822 

31 . Griming, Fr. Edin. Phil. J., 7 , 214-6; Schweigger. J., 39 , 473-86 (1823): 3228, 3233, 723. 

1823 

32 . Delezennes. Trans. Soc. Agric. Sci. Arts. Lille., 3 , 1-31; Ferrusac’s Bull. Univ. Sci. Math., 8, 13a 

(1826); J. de phys., 94 , 204: 2222. 

33 . Hensmans, P. J. Mem. Couronn. Brussels, 4 : 11 . 

34 . Sdmmerring, S. T. von. Denkschr. Akad. Miinchen 97-100: 3228. 

1824 

35 . Gay-Lussac, L. J. Treatise, Paris. Instructions pour 1 ’usage de l’alcoom^tre centesimal et des tables 

qui l’accompagnent: 72, 73. 

36 . Yelin, J. C. von. Arch. Naturl. Kastner., 3 , 340-51: 3228. 

37 . Yelin, J. C. von. Arch. Naturl. Kastner., 3 , 375-7: 2233. 

1825 

38 . Gouvemain, C. A. de. Femisac’s Bull. Univ. Sci. Math., 7 , 147: 2222. 

1826 

39 . Kiimer, F. Jena, tfber Alkoholometer: 72. 

1827 

40 . Colladon, D. et C. Sturm. Ann. chim. phys. (2), 36 , 113-59, 225-57; Pogg. Ann., 12 , 39, 161-97 (1828): 

( 22222,32222. 

41 . Dumas, J. B. et Boullay, fils. Ann. chim. phys. (2), 36 , 294-310 (p. 297); Pogg. Ann., 12 , 93-108 (1828): 

2222, 631143. 

42 . Graham, Th. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb.; Phil. Mag., 4 , 265-72, 331-6 (1828); Pogg. Ann., 15 ,150-3 (1829): 

521. 

43 . Griming, F. Berlin: 3233, 723. 

* 44 . Rudberg, F. Akad. Handl. Stockholm. 1-163; Pogg. Ann., 13 , 496-502 (1828); Ann. chim. phys. 

(2), 48 , 33-41 (1831): 32224. 

1828 

45 . Berzelius, J. Traits de Chimie, Paris, 6, p. 488: 73. 

46 . Limvus. Diss. Bonn: 22221, 32221. 

* 47 . Muncke, M. Acad. Savant, fjtrangers, Petersburg 1 , 249-414 (1831): 22221, 32221. 

1829 

48 . Brown, R. Pogg. Ann., 17 , 162 : 2222, 2234. 

49 . Jourdan, T. F. Diss. Montpellier: 11 . 

1830 


50 . TabariS, E. Ann. chim. phys. (2), 45 , 222: 721. 

51 . TignS, J. P. Diss. Montpellier: 11. 


440 


[Vol.Q 


Bulletin o) the Bureau of Standards 


1834 

* 52 . Muncke, M. Acad. Savant. Strangers, Petersburg, 2 , 483-522.(1835); Ann. chim. phys. (2), 64 , 5-52 
(1837); Gehler’s Worterbuch, 10 , 935: 2222, 22221. 

1835 

53 . Connel, A. Edin. New. Phil. J., Trans., 19 , 159-63; Pogg. Ann., 36 , 487-93; J. prak. Chem., 5 , 167-206: 

2222, 525, 631132. 

54 . Dumas, J. et E. Peligot. Ann. chim. phys. (2), 58 , 5-74; Lieb. Ann., 15 ,1-60; Pogg. Ann., 36 ,88-138: 2222. 

55 . Liebig, J. Pogg. Ann. 36 , 275-308: 5211, 526. 

1836 

56 . Magnus, G. Pogg. Ann., 38 , 481-92: 3227, 3233. 

1837 

57 . Ltiwig, C. Pogg. Ann., 42 , 399-414: 6311. 

58 . Pouillet. Pogg. Ann., 41 , 144-52 (p. 149): 2234. 

1839 

59 *. Despretz, C. Ann. chim. phys. (2), 70 , 1-81 (p. 48, 74): 3222, 81. 

* 60 . Soubeiran, E. Lieb. Ann., 30 , 356-61; J. prak. Chem., 17 ,91: 3228, 5213, 631132, 631141, 631143, 631147. 


1841 


61 . Frankenheim, M. L. und Sondhauss. J. prak. Chem., 23 , 401-35 (p. 423): 2225. 

62 . Kopp, H. Monograph, Frankfurt a/M (p. 132): 2, 2222. 

63 . Kopp, H. Lieb. Ann., 40 , 206: 423. 

* 64 . Kopp, H. Pogg. Ann., 53 , 356-62: 3222. 

65 . Ure, A. Phil. Mag. (3), 19 , 511-13; Pharm. J., 2 , 695-702 (1843): 21, 2122, 21221. 

66. Veron, A. Monograph, Paris: 12. 

1842 


67 . Brix, A. W. Lieb. Ann., 94 , 162-9; Pogg. Ann., 55 , 341-90 (P- 384): 2237 . 

*68. Brossard-Vidal, Abbe. C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 14 , 816; 16 , 39, 140, 317, 766 (1843): 72. 

69 . Deville, H. Ann. chim. phys. (3), 5 , 129-43 (P- 136): 2261, 3261. 

* 70 . Francoeur, L. B. C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 14 , 328-31: 71, 721. 

71 . Kopp, E. Diss. Strasburg: 5211 . 

72 . Poiseuille. C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 15 , 1167; Ann. chim. phys. (3), 7 , 50 (1843); Pogg. Ann. 58 , 424-48 

(1843): 2226, 3226. 

1843 


73 . Hesse, G. Treatise, St. Petersburg: 721. 

74 . Kopp, H. Lieb. Ann., 46 , 215-21: 13, 521. 

75 . Regnault, V. Ann. chim. phys. (3), 9 , 322-49 (p. 348-9); Pogg. Ann., 62 , 50-81 (1844): 2222, 22221, 2231 . 

76 . Reiset, J. et E. Millon. Ann. chim. phys. (3), 8, 280-92 (p. 290): 522, 526. 

77 . Rieckher, Th. Lieb. Ann , 46 , 222-7: 2. 

1844 


78 . Connel, A. Trans. Roy. Soc., Edin., 15 , 151-64: 525. 

79 . Kopp, H. Pogg. Ann., 63 , 283-316, and 65 , 89-100 (1845): 2222, 2233. 

80 . Natterer, J. Pogg. Ann., 62 , 132-6: 2234. 

1845 

81 . Faraday, M. Phil. Trans., 155-77; Ann. chim. phys. (3), 257-90; Pogg. Ann., 64 , 467-72; Pogg. Ann. 

Ergb., 72 , 193-227 (1848): 2234. 

82 . Kopp, H. Lieb. Ann., 55 , 166-200: 2233. 

83 . Kopp, H. J. prak. Chem., 34 , 1-36: 2222, 2233. 

* 84 . Pierre, J. Isidore. Ann. chim. phys. (3), 15 , 325-408 (p. 351); C. r. acad. sci., Paris, 23 , 443-9, 594-8 
(1846); Ann. chim. phys. (3), 19 , 193-221 (1847): 2222, 22221, 3222, 32221, 2233, 631132. 

85 . Regnault, V. Oeuvres Tome II, pp. 183, 813, 896: 2237. 


1846 

86 . Baden-Powell. Pogg. Ann., 69 , 110-5: 2261. 

87 . Brossard-Vidal, Abbe. C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 23 , mo; 27 , 103, 374, 431, 526 (1848): 723. 

88. Cassoria. J. chim. med.: 611146. 

89 . Favre, P. et J. T. Silbermann. C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 23 , 411-3; 29 , 449-51 (1849): 3239. 


McKelvy} 


441 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 

1847 

*90. Fownes, G. Phil. Trans., 137, 249-52: 2222, 3222, 61, 631132, 631142, 73. 

91. Frankenheim, M. L. Pogg. Ann., 72, 177-222 (p. 200): 2225, 32224. 

*92. Kopp, H. Lieb. Ann., 64, 212-9 (p- 213); Pogg. Ann., 72, 1-62, 223-93: 2, 2222, 22221, 2233. 

*93. Pierre, J. Isidore. Ann. chixn. phys. (3) ,20, 5-52,1; (3), 31, 118-152, 33, 199-244 (1851); Pogg. Ann., 
83, 86-7 (1851): 2, 2222, 22221. 

94. Poiseuille. Ann. chim. phys. (3), 21, 76-110: 2226. 

95. Steinheil. Miinchen: 3228, 7. 

96. Ure, A. J. Arts and Sciences, London, 31, 291; Phann. J., 7, 166-75 (1848); J. B., (1847-48) 48, 683: 

723 . 

*97. Wackenroder, H. Arch. Pharm., 50, 162-7; J- B. (1847-48) 682: 2222, 631132. 

98. Wagner, J. R. Lieb. Ann., 40, 448; J. prak. Chem., 40, 448: 423. 

1848 

99. Andrews, T. Pogg. Ann., 75, 501-17; J. Chem. Soc., London, 1, 27-41 (1849): 223. 

100. Conaty, M. (See Despretz, 1848.) J. pharm. chim. (3), 20, 332: 723. 

101. Despretz, C. C. r. acad. sci., Paris, 27, 374; J. B. (1847-48) 683: 723. 

*102. Drinkwater, J. Phil. Mag. (3), 32, 123-9; London Chem. Soc. Mem., 685; J. B., (1847-48) 682: 2222, 
' 631132, 631142, 63114$, 73. 

103. Grass!, C. C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 27, 153-4; Ann. chim. phys. (3), 31, 437-78 (1851) (p. 458): 22222. 

104. Kopp, H. Pogg. Ann., 75, 98-108 (p. 103): 2231. 

*105. McCulloh, R. S. United States of America, 30th Congress, 1st session, Exec. Doc. No. 50, pp. 397- 
541: 3222, 721, 73, 74. 

106. Silbermann, J. T. C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 27, 418-21; J. B. (1847-48) 684: 722. 

107. Voegeli, F. Pogg. Ann., 75, 282-319 (p. 295): 5213. 

108. Wertheim, G. C. r. acad. sci., Paris, 27, 150-2; Ann. chim. phys. (3), 23, 434-75 (p. 472); Pogg. Ann., 

77, 427-45. 544-71 (1849): 2272. % 

109. Wetherill, C. M. Lieb. Ann., 64, 117-25; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 10, 177-82 (1853): 2222. 

1849 

110. Boussingault, M. Ann. chim. phys. (3), 25, 263-5: 3234. 

111. Bussy, A. J. de pharm., 15, 889-103: 722, 723. 

112. Despretz, C. C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 28, 143-4; J. prak. Chem., 47, 466-7: 2234. 

113. Stampfer, S. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss., Wien., Abt. II, 304-17: 721. 

1850 

114. Becquerel, E. C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 31, 198-201; Ann. chim. phys. (3), 32, 68-112 (1851) (p. 315): 2251. 

115. Makins, G. H. J. Chem. Soc. London, 2, 224-31: 3222, 32221, 721. 

116. Pohl, J. J. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss., Wien., 5, 246-51; J. B., 455, 611: 3233, 723. 

1851 

117. Gorgeu, A. C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 33, 690-2; J. prak. Chem., 21, 259-66 (1852): 61123, 631- 

118. Lerebours et Secretan. J. pharm. chim., 333; Dingl, Poly. J., 122, 363-5: 723. 

119. McCulloh, R. S. United States of America, 31st Congress, 2nd session. Exec. Doc. No. 28, pp. 1-168. 

A Report (to the Treasury Department) of the Computation of Tables to be used with the Hydrom¬ 
eter recently adopted for use in the United States Custom-houses: 73. 

120. Pohl, J. J. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss., Wien., 6, 571-601; J. prak. Chem, 56, 210-2 (1852): 423. 

121. Stampfer, S. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss., Wien., 253-65: 72. 

1852 

122. Frankenheim, L. Pogg. Ann., 86, 451-64: 81, 82. 

123. Pliicker und Geissler. Pogg. Ann., 86, 238-79: 81, 82. 

124. Stampfer, S. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien., 3, 237-68: 72. 

1853 

125. Favre, P. A. et J. T. Silbermann. Ann. chim. phys., (3), 37, 406-508 (p. 467): 3 ^ 30 - 

126. Stadion, J. Konigsberg: 721. 

127. Wetherill, C. M. J. Frank. Inst., 25, 385-91; J. prak, Chem., 60, 202-4; J- B., 441: 615. 


[Vol.Q 


442 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

1854 

136 . Delfis, W. Lieb. Ann., 92 , 277-9; J- B., 26: Jahrbuch. Phann. I, 1: 2222, 2233, 2261. 

129 . Geissler, Arch. d. Phann. (2), 82 ,198-9; Fortsch. d. Physik. 385: 723. 

130 . Graham, T. British A. A. S. Reports. II, 69: 3227,3228. 

131 . Kupffer, A. T. von. C. r. l’observ. phys. de Russie 14: 7. 

132 . Pliicker, J. Pogg. Ann., 92 , 193-220 (p. 205); Lieb. Ann., 92 , 209; J. B., 54: 2221, 2222, 2227, 3221, 3222, 

32224, 3227, 631132,723. 

133 . Regnault, V. C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 39 , 301-14. 345 - 57 . 397-409; Pogg. Ann., 93 , 537; Lieb. Ann. 92 , 

196; Phil. Mag. (4), 8, 269; 9 , 4 (1855): 2227, 3227. 

134 . Youmans, E. L. Treatise, New York: 11. 

1855 

135 . Carius, L. Lieb. Ann., 94 , 129-66; Ann. chim. phys., (3), 47 , 418-9 (1856): 421 . 

136 . Clerget, J. Bull. soc. d’encouragement ind. nat. France, 193-7: 72. 

* 137 . Kopp, H. Lieb. Ann., 94 , 257-320; 95 , 307-56; 98 , 367-76 (1856): 2222, 22221, 2233. 

138. Kopp, H. Lieb. Ann. 96, 1-36, 153-85. 303-35 (P* 163); 100, 19-38 (1856): 2. 

139 . Schdnfeld, F. Lieb. Ann., 95 , 1-23: 421. 

140 . Stein, Dingl. Poly. J., 138 , 429: 631, 635. 


1856 

141 . Berthelot, M. Ann. chim. phys. (3), 46 , 180-2; Lieb. Ann., 98 , 180-1: 5213 . 

142 . Long, J. London, Tables for the Strength of Spirits: 73. 

143 . Miller, W. H. Phil. Trans., 146 , 753-946 (p. 788): 81, 82. 

1857 

144 . Grailich, W. J., und A. Handl. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien., 25 , 515-9: 31, 3122, 3161, 32, 3222, 3261. 

145 . Masson, A. C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 44 , 466-7; Ann. chim. phys. (3), 53 , 257-92 (1858): 2, 2271, 2272 • 

146 . Valson, C. A. C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 45 , 10-13; 46 , 95-7 (1858): 2225, 724. 

1858 

147 . Dale, T. P., and J. H. Gladstone. Phil. Trans., 148 , 887-94 (p. 891): 2261. 

148 . Langberg, Chr. Meddel. Amdsen, Christiania; Pogg. Ann., 106 , 299-307 (1859); Phil. Mag. (4), 18 , 

113-9 (1859): 721. 

149 . Rieckher. N. Jahrb. Pharm., 10 , 308: 631, 

150 . Vogel, A. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien,. 30 , 261-9: 3227. 

1859 

151 . Otto. Braunschweig, Lehrbuch d. rat. Praxis d. landwirthschaftlichen Gewerbe, ste Auflage, Band I. 

p. 413: 2233 , 3233 • 

152 . Pouillet, M. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 48 , 929-31; 51 , 1002 (i860); 54 , 357 (1861); Mem. Acad Franc., 30 , 

407 (i860); J. B., 439: 2222, 3222, 721. 

153 . Schnidaritsch, A. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 38 , 39-68: 3231. 

1860 

* 154 . Baumhauer, E. H. von. Monograph, Amsterdam. Verhandeling over de digtheid, de uitzetting, 
de kookpunt en de spannung van den damp van alkohol en van mengels van alkohol en water: 
2222, 22221, 2227, 2233, 3222, 32221, 3227, 3233. 

* 155 . Baumhauer, E. H. von. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 50 , 591-2; Lieb. Ann., 116 , 253-4; Pogg. Ann., 110 , 
659-60; J. B., 393; C. B. (2), 5 , 484: 2222, 3222, 63II32, 63II42. 

156 . Favre, P. A. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 51 , 316-8; J. B., 35: 3239. 

157 . MendelSeff, D. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 50 , 52-4; Z. Chem., 782: 2225. 

158 . MendelSeff, D. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 51 , 97; C. B. (2), 5 , 731; J. B., 7: 2225. 

159 . Regnault, V. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 50 , 1063-75; Pogg. Ann., Ill, 402; Phil. Mag. (4), 20 , 275; J. B., 

38-9: 222. 

160 . Wiillner, A. Pogg. Ann., 110 , 387-96: 631. 

1861 


161 . Baumhauer, E. H. von. Verslag. Akad. Amsterdam, 11, 409-15: 721 . 

162 . Baumhauer, E. H. von. Pogg. Ann., 113 , 639-47: 721 . 


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Density and Expansion of Alcohol 443 

163 . Baumhauer, E. H. von. Tables, Leipzig: 721, 73. 

164 . Baumhauer, E. H. von et F. H. van Moorsel. Tables, Amsterdam: 721, 73. 

165 . Baumhauer, E. H. von und Pouillet, Lieb. Ann., 117 , 391-2: 2222, 3222. 

166 . Berthelot, M. Ann. chim. phys. (3), 61 , 460-2: 5211, 5213. 

167 . Chevreul, Despretz, Fremy et Pouillet. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 53 , 615-8: 72. 

168 . Collardeau, M. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 53 , 925; Lieb. Ann., 122 , 375-6 (1862): 2222, 3222, 73. 

169 . Graham, T. Phil. Trans., 151 , 373; C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 53 , 774-7; Lieb. Ann., 123 , 105 (1862): 2226, 

3226. 

170 . Hoek, M. Pogg. Ann., 112 , 347-50: 2261, 3261. 

171 . Kupffer, A. T. von. Bull. acad. Petersburg, 3 , 355: 71. 

172 . Mendelfeeff, D. Lieb. Ann., 119 , i-n; C. B. (2), 6, 766; J. B., 20: 2221, 2222, 22221, 2233. 

173 . Ruau, L. Ann. chim. phys. (3), 63 , 350-9: 73. 

174 . Schiff, H. Lieb. Ann., 118 , 362-72: 423. 

1862 

175 . Bau m a nn , Z. Ver. deutsch. Ing., 6, 483: 721. 

176 . Dronke, F. Diss. Marburg (p. 17): 2227,3227. 

177 . Friedel, C. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 55 , 53-8; Chem. News., 6, 148-9; Lieb. Ann., 124 , 324-30: 15, 632, 636. 

178 . Il’ish, F. Treatise, St. Petersburg: 71. 

179 . Regnault, V. Mem. inst. franc., 26 , 1-915: 223, 2231. 

180 . Wildenstein, R. Z. anal. Chem., 1 , 162-5: 721. 

181 . Wurtz, C. A. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 54 , 915-20; Lieb. Ann., 123 , 140-4; Ann. chim. phys. (4), 2 , 438-41 

(1864): 15. 5213 . 632. 

182 . Lieb. Ann., 122 , 375-6 (confer references 168 and 173); Dingl. Poly. J., 166 , 392: 73. 

1863 

* 183 . Berthelot, M. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 56 , 871-3; Ann. chim. phys. (3), 68, 362-4; Chem. News., 7 , 
279-80; Z. anal. Chem., 2 , 224: 61, 631132, 631133. 

184 . Berthelot, M. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 57 , 430-4; Lieb. Ann., 128 , 321-7: 3228, 6. 

185 . Berthelot, M. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 57 , 797-8; Chem. News., 8, 293: 5211. 

186 . Berthelot, M. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 57 , 985-6; Ann. chim. phys (4), 1 , 384-92 (1864): 3228, 63121. 

187 . Gaultier de Claubry. Bull. soc. d’encouragement ind. nat. France, 516-24: 723. 

188 . Gladstone, J. H. and T. P. Dale. Phil. Trans., 153 , 317-43 (p. 325, 338): 2222, 2261, 2265. 

189 . Maumenfi, E. J. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 57 , 955-7,1033: 3228, 63121, 723. 

190 . Musculus, F. Mem. med. milit., 10 , 465-75; C. B. (1864), 922-5; J- B. (1864), 5: 2225, 3223. 

191 . Wanklyn, J. A. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 12 , 534-5: 3228. 

192 . Wilhelmy, L. Pogg. Ann., 119 , 177-217: 2225, 3225. 

1864 

193 . Alluard, M. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 58 , 82-5; Ann. chim. phys. (4), 1 , 243-54; Pogg. Ann., 123 , 190: 

3227, 3233 - 

194 . Bril, A. W. Monograph, Preuss. Normal-Eichungs-Kommission (3te Auflage), Berlin: 721. 

195 . Brossard-Vidal. Dingl. Poly. J., 171 , 146; Z. anal. Chem., 3 , 223: 6212, 7. 

196 . Bussy, A. et H. Buignet. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 59 , 673-88, 785-6; Ann. chim. phys. (4), 4 , 5-27 (1865); 

C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 64 , 330-9 (1867): 3239. 

197 . Favre, P. A. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 59 , 783-5: 3239 - 

198 . Jacobi, H. Bull. acad. sd. Petersburg, 7 , 438-51: 721. 

199 . Landolt, H. Pogg. Ann., 122 , 545-63 (p. 547 ): 21, 2222, 2233, 2261, 2265, 631111, 631132. 

200 . Salleron, J. Paris: 7, 87. 

201 . Wagner, R. Dingl. Poly. J., 172 , 380: 723. 

1865 

202 . Fresenius, R. Z. anal. Chem., 4 , 177-85: 85. 

203 - Gerardin, A. Ann. chim. phys. (4), 5 , 129-60: 423. 

204 . Kupffer, A. T. von. Treatise, Berlin: 71. 

* 205 . Landolt, H. Lieb. Ann. Suppl., 4 , 1-23: 62121, 62122, 7. 

206 . Linnemann, E. Lieb. Ann., 136 , 37-69: 13. 

* 207 . MendelSeff, D. Diss. St. Petersburg; Z. fur Chem., 257-64; J. B., 469; C. B. (2), 11 , 224 (1866) 
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208 . Musculus, F. Mem. m6d. milit., 13 , 74-80: 2225, 3223, 724- 

209 . Schiff, H. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 61 , 45-7: 61214. 


444 


[Vol.Q 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

1866 

210 . Baumhauer, E. H. von. Archiv. Neerl., 1 , 465-8: 721. 

211 . Berthelot, M. Ann. chim. phys. (4), 9 , 425: 421. 

212 . Duplals, P. Monograph, Paris. 3228. 

213 . Friedel, C. et J. M. Crafts. Ann. chim. phys. (4), 9 , 5-51 (p. to): 521, 631132. 

214 . Geissler, H. Sitzb. Niederrhein. Ges. Bonn., 12-4; Dingl. Poly. J. 180 , 146: 723. 

* 215 . National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. Tables, Washington; Senate Misc. Documents, No. 44, 

(1867): 73, 74. 

* 216 . Recknagel, G. Sitzb. k. Bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen., 2 , 327; Z. anal. Chem., 6, 269 (1867); Carl's 
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217 . Wiillner, A. Pogg. Ann., 129 , 353-66: 3227. 


1867 

218. Berthelot, M. C. r. acad. sd. Paris, 64 , 410-3: 3239. 

219 . Berthelot, M. Bull. soc. chim. (2), 8, 387-9: S21, 5213. 

220. Him, G. A. Ann. chim. phys. (4), 10,32-92 (p. 48); (4), 11 , 5-111, (p. 10): 22221, 2231. 

221. Landolt, H. Sitzb. Niederrhein. Ges. Bonn, 12-3: 523. 

222. Linnemann, E. Lieb. Ann., 144 , 129-137: 14. 

223 . Siersch, A. Lieb. Ann., 142 , m-21: 14. 

224. Siersch, A. Lieb. Ann., 144 , 137-45: 14. 

1868 

225. Darling, W. H. J. Chem. Soc. London, 6, 496-506; Lieb. Ann., 150 , 216-24 (1869) (p. 222): 2222. 

226 . Dupre A. and F. J. M. Page. Phil. Mag. (4), 35 , 464: 3231. 

227. Fouqufe, F. Ann. de l’Observ. Paris, 9, 172-251 (p. 250): 2261. 

228. Landolt, H. Lieb. Ann. Suppl., 6, 129-81 (p. 173): 2227. 

229. Lebraigne, E. J. pharm. chim. (4), 7, 81 - 93 : 724. 

230 . Linnemann, E. Lieb. Ann., 145 , 38-42: 14. 

231 . Linnemann, E. Lieb. Ann., 148 , 249-63: 2222, 2233. 

232 . Reynolds, R. Pharm. J. and Trans. (2), 9, 171; Z. anal. Chem., 7, 358 : 72. 

233. Siersch, A. Lieb. Ann., 145 , 42-6: 14, 633. 

234 . Wiillner, A. Pogg. Ann., 133 , 1-53: 2222, 2261, 2265. 

1869 

235 . Amaury et Descamps. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 68, 1564-5; Phil. Mag. (4), 38 , 164-5: 22222. 

236 . Berquier et Limousin. J. pharm. chim. (4), 8, 241-4; Z. anal. Chem., 8, 513: 724. 

* 237 . Dupre, A. and F. J. M. Page. Phil. Mag. (4), 38 , 158; Pogg. Aim. Erg’b., 5 , 221-42, 614 (1871); Pogg. 
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238 . Gerlach, G. Th. Z. anal. Chem., 8, 245-97 (p. 295): 73. 

239 . Lauth, Ber. chem. Ges., 2 , 105; (conf. M. Berthelot, ibid., 8, 696 (1875) ): 614. 

240 . Liidtge, R. Pogg. Ann., 137 , 362-77; Ann. chim. phys. (4), 18 , 500-2; Phil. Mag. (4), 38 , 46S-70: 2225. 

241 . Mendeieeff, D. Pogg. Ann., 138 , 103-41, 230-79 (confer reference 207). 

242 . Rosseti, F. Atti. Inst. Venet., 15 , 1297-1313; Pogg. Ann., 140 , 329-31 (1870); C. r. acad. sd., Paris, 

70 , 1092-3 (1870); Ann. chim. phys. (4), 23 , 76-77 (1871); C. B. (1870) 1072: 3222, 32224, 3234. 

243 . Said-Effendi, M. C. r. acad. sci., Paris, 68, 1565-7: 2241. 

244 . Wanklyn, J. A. Phil. Mag. (4), 37 , 117: 3213. 

245 . van der Willigen, V. S. M. Archiv. Musee Teyler, 2 , 208-17: 2222, 2261, 2263, 3222, 3261. 

1870 

246 . Amaury, J. Jamin et Descamps. C. r. acad. sci., Paris, 70 , 1237-42: 3231. 

* 247 . Baumhauer, E. H. von. Archiv. Neerl., 5 , 97-112; Pogg. Ann., 140 , 349-66: 2222, 22221, 3222, 32221. 

248 . Dupre, A., and F. J. M. Page. Phil. Trans., 159 , 591 (confer reference 237): 21. 

249 . Jamin, M. C. r. acad. sci., Paris, 70 , 1309-12: 3239. 

250 . Jamin, M. C. r. acad. sci., Paris, 71 , 23-9 (p. 27): 3239. 

251. Mendel&eff, D. Pogg. Ann., 141 , 618-26 (p. 622): 2223. 

1871 

252. Berthelot, M. C. r. acad. sci., Paris, 73 , 496-7: 614. 

253. Berthelot, M. C. r. acad. sci., Paris, 73 , 663-81: 521. 


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Density and Expansion of Alcohol 445 

254 . Erlenmeyer, E. Lieb. Ann., 160,249-50; C. B. (1872), 80; J. Chem. Soc. London, Abst., 25 , 133(1872): 

2222, 631132. 

255 . Fehling, H. von. Braunschweig, Neues Handworterbuch der Chemie. Band I, p. 253-9 Alkohol; 

p. 267-84 Alkoholometrie: 11, 71. 

256 . Lieben, A. Lieb. Ann., 158 , 51,137; Ber. chem. Ges. 3 , 907-n (1870): 521. 

257 . Linnemann, E. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 63, II, 673-8: 54, 5413. 

258 . Linnemann, E. Lieb. Ann., 160 ,195-242 (p. 211): 3228,87. 

259 . Norm. Eich.-Komm. d. Norddeutschen Bundes Tafeln, Berlin: 73. 

260 . Pierre, J. Isidore, and 6. Puchot. Ann. chim. phys. (4), 22 , 234-361: 16, 2222. 

261 . Pinsonet, A., et J. Petit. Paris: 721. 

262 . Saytzeff, A. J. prak. chem. N. F., 3 , 76-88: 14, 15, 636. 

263 . Schiiller, J. H. Pogg. Ann. Ergb., 5 , 116-46, 192-221; J. B. (1870), 90: 3231. 

1872 

264 . Bouvier. Z. anal, chem., 11 , 343: 615. 

265 . Cailletet, L. C. r. acad. sci., Paris, 75 , 77-8: 22222. 

266 . Delaunay. Patent Spec., France., Mch., 11; Ber. chem. Ges., 6, 1139 (1873): 722. 

267 . Duclauz, E. J. de phys., 1 , 197-203: 2225, 3225, 721. 

268 . Duclauz, E. Ann. chim. phys. (4), 25 , 433-502 (p. 460): 2226, 3226. 

269 . Dupr6, A. Phil. Trans., 162 , 331-51: 21, 31. 

270 . Erlenmeyer, E. Lieb. Ann., 162 , 373-88 (p. 374): 5213, 523. 

271 . Fischem, Th. Treatise, Dresden: 71. 

272 . Jacobi, H. M<?m. acad. sci. Petersburg, 17 , No. 5: 721, 73. 

273 . Jullian, L. Paris: 71. 

274 . Lejeune, Y. M. Monograph, Brest; Archiv. d. Med. Navale, 19 , 141-6 (1873): 721. 

275 . Liebig, J. Handworterbuch der Chemie, Band I, 202-11 Alkohol; 212-65 Alkoholometry: 11,71. 

276 . Linnemann, E. Lieb. Ann., 161 , 18-25; Ann. chim. phys. (4), 26, 564-72: 14. 

277 . Linnemann, E. Lieb. Ann., 161 , 43-70: 53. 

278 . Linnemann, E. Lieb. Ann., 161 ,178-90: 14. 

279 . Pierre, I. et ft. Puchot. Ann. chim. phys. (4), 26 , 145-71: 33, 3328, 87. 

1873 

280 . Cintolesi, F. Ber. chem. Ges., 6, 143: 3228. 

281 . Kraft, A. Z. anal. Chem., 12 , 48-66; J. prak. Chem. N. F., 7 , 228-47: 624, 7. 

282 . Krell, G. Ber. chem. Ges., 6, 1310-2: 623. 

* 283 . Pieire, J. Isidore. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 76 ,336-7; Chem. News. Abst., 27 , 93: 2222, 63, 631132, 631142. 

284 . Squibb, E. Am. Pharm. Assoc. Proc., 548, 566; J. B., (1874) 328: 73. 

285 . Winkelmann, A. Pogg. Ann., 150 , 592-619 (p. 603); 151 , 512 (1874): 2222', 3231, 3239. 

1874 

286 . Bullock, C. Pharm. J. (3), 4 , 891; J. B., 327: 631132. 

287 . Duclauz, C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 78 , 951-3; Ann. chim. phys. (5), 2 , 233-53: 71. 

288 . Grodski, M. und G. Kraemer. Ber. chem. Ges., 7 , 1492-7: Si, 623, 626, 628. 

289 . Malligand, E. et E. Brossard-Vidal. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 78 , 1470: 723. 

290 . Salleron, J. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 78 , 1147-50; Fortschr. Phys., 294: 624, 71. 

291 . Smith, J. Lawrence. Am. Chemist, 5 ,120; Chem. News, 30 , 234; J. B., 328; Am. J. Pharm., 47 , 31 

(1875); Arch. Pharm. (3), 5 , 355 (1876): 631132. 

1875 

292 . Bernard, A. Paris: 71. 

293 . Berthelot, M. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 80 , 1039-40; Ann. chim. phys. (5), 9 , 54-6 (1876): 614. 

294 . Guthrie, F. Phil. Mag. (4), 49 , 266-76 (p. 270); Chem. News, 31 , 49: 3234. 

295 . Malligand, M. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 80 , 11x4-33: 723. 

296 . Oberbeck, A. Pogg. Ann., 155 , 595-602: 2241. 

297 . Stefanelli, P. Ber. chem. Ges., 8, 439; Z. anal. Chem., 14 , 371: 614. 

298 . Ure’s Dictionary of Arts, 7th Edition, Vol. I, 42-65, Alcohol and Alcoholometry: 11 71. 

1876 


299 . Cossa, A. Atti acad. Torino, 11 , 938-46: 7 ^J- 

300 . Dibbits, H. C. Z. anal. Chem., 15 , 121-70: 8 5. 

301 . Dittmar, W., and D. Steuart. Chem. News, 33 , 53; Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow, 10 , 63-70 (1877): 3, 

3227, 3233, 6, 87. 


[Vol. 9 


446 Bulletin 0} the Bureau of Standards 

302. Duclauz, £. J. de Phys. (i), 5, 13-9: 2223, 3223. 

303. Gladstone, J. H., and A. Tribe. J. Chem. Soc. London, 29, 158-62: 3213. 

304. Herwig, H. Pogg. Ann., 159, 61-93 (P- 65): 3241. 

*305. Hoh, Th. Naturf. Gesell. Bamberg, 11, 77; Pogg. Ann., 158, 334-6: 2222 , 22221 , 3222, 32221. 

306. Kraemer, G., und M. Grodski. Ber. chem. Ges., 9, 1928-32: 613, 623. 

307. Maumenfe, E. J. Ann. chim. phys. (5), 9, 499-570; C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 83, 67-70: 3228, 7, 723, 87. 

308. Salleron, J. J. pharm. chim. (4), 24, 33-5: 3233, 723. 

309. Savalle, D. Treatise, Paris: 87. 

1877 

310. Bunsen, R. Treatise, Braunschweig. Gasometrische Methoden, 2te Auflage (p. 384): 421. 

311. Claus, Ad. Ber. chem. Ges., 10, 925-30: 61115. 

312. Duclauz, E. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 85,1068-9; Ann. chim. phys. (5), 13, 76-101 (1878) (p. 88): 2222, 2225. 

313. Karmarsch, K. Dingl. Poly. J., 226, 441-55: 32221. 

314. Lecher, E. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, II, 937-45: 31, 3131. 

315. Morrell, T. T. Pharm. Centralhalle, 17, 394; Z. anal. Chem., 16, 251: 521, 624. 

1878 

316. Bleekrode, L. Phil. Mag. (5), 5, 375-89, 439 - 451 ; Wied. Ann., 3, 161 : 2241, 525. 

317. Bourgoin, E. Bull. soc. chim. (2), 29, 242; Z. anal. Chem., 17, 502: 42, 423. 

318. Eder, J. W. J. prak. Chem. N. F., 17, 44-7: 423. 

319. Henze, Hr. Ber. chem. Ges., 11, 677: 86. 

320. Jehn, C. Ber. chem. Ges., 11, 360-2: 86 . 

321. Kohlrausch, F. Pogg. Ann. Ergb., 8, 1-16: 2241, 61. 

322. Kundt, A. Wied. Ann., 4, 34-54: 21, 2222, 2261, 2264, 2265. 

323. Le Bel, J. A. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 87, 260-1: 323. 

324. Mackenzie, J. J., and E. L. Nichols. Wied. Ann., 3, 134-42: 22223. 

325. Miiller-Erzbach, W. Ber. chem. Ges., 11, 409: 85. 

*326. Pierre, J. Isidore. Caen (Compilation of Earlier Works): 2222, 22221, 3222, 32221, 88. 

327. Pribram, R., und A. Handl. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien (2), 78, 113-64; (2), 80, 17-57 (1879); (2), 84, 

II, 717-89 (1881): 25, 2526. 

328. Puluj, J. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 78, II, 279-311: 2226. 

329. Riche, A., und Ch. Bardy. Z. anal. Chem., 17, 221-2: 614. 

330. Thresh, J. C. Chem. News., 38, 251-3; J. Chem. Soc. London, 36, 279-80 (1879); Z. anal. Chem., 18, 

487 (1879): 614, 624. 

331. Wijkander, A. Lunds. Physiogr. Sallsk. Jubelskrift; Wied. Ann. Beib., 3, 8-11 (1879): 2226. 

1879 

332. Bartoli, A. Nuovo Cimento., 6, 141-53; Wied. Ann. Beib., 4, 332 (1880);. Mem. Acad. Line. (3), 19, 

577 (1883): 2222, 2225, 2231. 

333. Briihl, J. W. Ber. chem. Ges., 12, 2x35-48; 13, 1119-30, 1520-35 (1880); Lieb. Ann., 200, 139-234 (1880); 

203, 1-63, 255-86, 363-8 (1880): 13, 2, 2222. 

334. Haller, A. Treatise, Paris, Theorie generate des alcool: 11. 

335. Jamin et Amaury. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 70, 1237-43: 3231. 

*336. Le Bel, J. A. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 88, 912-3: 63121. 

337. Leeds. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1, 38: 6111. 

338. Ramsay, W. J. Chem. Soc. London, 35, 463-74 (p. 469): 2221, 2222. 

339. Rodenbeck. Diss. Bonn: 3225, 724. 

340. Sajotschewsky, W. Wied. Arm. Beib., 3, 741-3: 2223, 2227. 

341. Waage, P. Z. anal. Chem., 18, 417-28: 723. 

1880 

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343. Briihl, J. W. Wied. Aim. Beib., 4, 776-86 (p. 781): 13, 2222, 2261. 

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346. Hannay, J. B. and J. Hogarth. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 30, 178-88: 2223. 

347. de Heen, P. Mem. Acad. Roy. Belg., 31, 1-51; Wied. Ann. Beib., 5, 105-7 (1881): 2222, 22221. 

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349. Jorissen, A. Bull. acad. Belg. (2), 50, 108-10; Ber. chem. Ges., 14, 2439: 615, 625. 

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352. Noack, K. Diss. Jena: 2225, 3225. 

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354. Prytz, K. Wied. Ann., 11, 104-20 (p. no): 21, 2122, 2161. 

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367. Fock, A. H. Stockholm: 73. 

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388. Lossen, W. Lieb. Ann., 214, 81-137: 23, 2322, 25, 2522. 

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448 


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Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

1883 

400 . Drecker, J. Wied. Ann., 20 , 870-96: 2222, 22221, 3222, 32221. 

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1889 

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553 . Bellati, E. M. et P. Lussana. Att. Inst. Venet. (6), 7 , 1169; J. de phys.(2), 9 , 300 (1890); Wied. Ann. 

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556 . Cazeneuve, P. J. pharm. chim. (5), 19 , 513; Chem. Rep., 13 , 198: 61211. 

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559 . Henneberg, H. Wied. Ann., 36 ,146-64: 3232. 

* 560 . Homann, H. Treatise, Berlin (k. Norm. Eich-Komm.): 721. 

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562 . Kablukoff, I. Z. physik. Chem., 4 , 429-34: 2241. 

563 . Le Blanc, M. Z. physik. Chem., 4 , 553-60 (p. 555): 21, 2122, 2161, 2222, 2261. 

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567 . Pagliani, S. Rend. R. Acc. Lincei. (4), 5 , II, 685-892: 22222, 2227, 2231. 

568 . Pfeiffer, E. Wied. Ann., 37 , 539: 2241, 2261. 

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* 577 . Weinstein, B. Kais. Norm. Eich-Komm. Metro. Beit., 6: 721. 

1890 

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588 . Korten, M. Diss. Bonn; Wied. Ann. Beib., 14 , 769-72: 2222, 2261. 

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590 . Muller, O. F. Z. angew. Chem., 3 , 634-6: 61214. 

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601 . Wirtz, K. Wied. Arm., 40 , 438-49 (P- 446): 2237. 

77398 0 —13-9 



452 


[Vol.Q 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

1891 

602 . Berthelot, M. Ann. chim. phys. ( 6 ), 469-75: 12. 

603 . Bodlander, G. Z. physik. Cliexn., 7 , 308-22: 423. 

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613 . Lorenz, N. von. Z. gesamt. Brauwesen, 501; Z. anal. Chem., 31 , 335-46 (1892): 624, 7. 

* 614 . Marek, W. Wied. Ann., 44 , 171-2 (p. 172): 82. 

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616 . Muller, J. Diss. Erlangen; Wied. Ann., 43 , 554-67: 2224, 421. 

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619 . Rontgen, W. C. Wied. Ann., 44 , 1-23 (p. 22): 22222. 

620 . Rontgen, W. C. und L. Zehnder. Wied Ann., 44 , 24-51 (p. 37): 21, 2161, 2261. 

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627 . Tavildarof, N. J. Diss. Petersburg: 6, 87. 

628 . Timofejew, W. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 112, 1223-5: 223, 423. 

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630 . Vernon, H. M. Phil. Mag. (5), 31 , 387-92: 81. 

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1892 

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634 . Barillot, E. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 115 , 1315-6; Chem. Rep., 17 , 7 (1893): 61, 62. 

635 . Benedikt, R. und J. Neudorfer. Chem. Ztg., 16 , 77-8: 5211. 

636 . Berthelot, M. et Matignon. Ann. chim. phys. (6), 27 , 310-19 (p. 311): 223Q. 

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646 . Landolt, H. und H. Jahn Z. physik. Chem., 10 , 289-320 (pp. 316, 317): 2122, 2161, 2165, 2222, 2261, 2262. 

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649 . Paschkow, Diss. Charkow: 21, 2141, 2241, 23, 2341. 

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McKehy] 


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654 . Amagat, E. H. Ann. ehim. phys. (6), 29 , 68-136, 505-74: 22222, 2223. 

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658 . Cattaneo, C. Rend. R. Acc. dei Lineei (5), 2 , II, 112-9; Wied. Ann. Beib., 18 , 365 (1894): 2241. 

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666. Landolt, H. Z. physik. Chem., 11 , 633-44 (p- 635): 21, 2127. 

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1894 

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454 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 


[ Vol. g 


707 . Nemst, W. und R. Abegg. Z. physik. Chera., 15 , 681-93: 3*34. 63123. 

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1895 

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1896 

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1216 . Bureau of Standards, Department of Commerce and Labor, U. S. A. Circular No. 19 (Aug.) Stand¬ 
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1242 . Plato, F. Tafeln, 3*® Auflage, Berlin: 73. 


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466 


[Vol. Q 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

1283 . Kremann, R. Monatsh., 31 , 671-85; C. B., II, 1591; C. A., 4 , 2404: 3273, 422, 5214. 

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1296 . Ronnet, L. Ann. fals., 3 , 205-6; C. A., 4 , 2862; C. B., II, 501; J. Chem. Soc. London, Abst., 98 , II, 

663: 622. 

1297 . Sabatier, P. et A. Mailhe. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 150 , 823-6; Arm. chim. phys. (8), 20 , 289-352; C. B., 

I, 1921; J. Chem. Soc. London, abst., 98 , I, 606; C. A., 4 , 2094: 521, 522. 

1298 . Saporta, A. de. Bull. soc. chim. (4), 7 , 70-1; C. A., 4 , 947; C. B., I, 1056: 7. 

1299 . Schmidt, E. W. Z. physik. Chem., 75 , 305-36 (p. 310): 2233, 2241, 631132. 

1300 . Schreinemakers, F. A. H. Chem. Weekblad., 7 , 211-6; C. B., 1 ,13x6; C. A., 5 , 818 (1911): 423, 631145. 

1301 . Schwalbe, C. G. Z. angew. Chem., 23 , 1537-40; Dingl. Poly. J., 325 , 750: C. A., 5 , 196 (1911): 14, * 5 * 

1302. Schwers, F. Rec. trav. chim., 29, 340 - 9 ; C. B. ( 1911 ), I, 449 ; Z. physik. Chem., 75, 357-64 ( 1911 ); 

Bull. soc. chim. (4), 7 , 875-82; C. B., II, 1582; C. A., 5 , 14, 613 (19x1): 3222, 3261. 

1303 . Schwers, F. Rec. trav. chim., 29 , 350-4; C. B. (19x1), I, 449', Z. physik. Chem., 75 , 365-8 (1911); 

Bull. soc. chim. (4), 7 , 937-40; C. B., II, 1793; C. A., 5 , 613-4 (1911): 3222, 32221. 

1304 . Schwers, F. Bull. soc. chim. (4), 7 , 1072-7; Rec. trav. chim., 30 , 101-7 (19x1); C. A., 5 , 814 (1911): 

3222, 3253. 

1305 . Schwers, F. J. chim. phys., 8, 630-97; 9 , 15-100(1911); C. B. (1911), I, 450: 3222, 3261. 

1306 . Sidersky, D. Bull. ass. chim. suer, dist., 27 , 562-3; C. A., 4 , 1648; Ann. chim. anal, appl., 15 , ios-6; 

C. B., I, 1809; C. A., 4 , 1793: 624, 7. 

1307 . Sidersky, D. Bull. ass. chim. suer, dist., 27 , 1168-9; C. B., II, 636; C. A., 4 , 2759: 3261. 

1308 . Smits, A. and H. L. de Leeuw. Diss. Amsterdam; K. Akad. Wetsch. Amsterdam Wisk. Natk. Afd., 

19 , 283-93; C. B., II, iiii; Proc. k. Akad. Wetsch. Amsterdam., 13 , I, 329-41 (1912); C. A., 5 , 1862 
(1911): 2222, 422, 521. 

1309 . Thole, F. B. J. Chem. Soc. London, 97 , 2596-2606 (pp. 2600, 2602); C. A., 5 , 1599 (1911): 2213, 2222, 

2226, 631113. 

* 1310 . Timmermanns, J. Bull. soc. chim. Belg., 24 , 244-69; C. A., 4 , 2896; C. B., II, 442: 21, 2122, 21221, 
2322, 23221, 6. 

1311 . Treasury Department, U. S. A. Washington. (Mch.) Internal Revenue Gauger’s Manual; embracing 

regulations, instructions, and tables: 7, 73. 

1312 . Tumlirz, O. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien., 119 , Ila, 393-417: 3222, 32224, 3225. 

1313 . Tyrer, D. J. Chem. Soc., London, 97 , 626-31: 41, 413, 423, 631111, 631145. 

1314 . Utz. Z. anal. Chem., 49 , 453: 23, 2361. 

1315 . Vaillant, P. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 150 , 213-6 (p. 215): 2227. 

1316 . Vandevelde, A. J. J. Bull. soc. chim. Belg., 24 , 432-5: 6 . 

1317. Vivencio del Rosario, M. Philipp. J. Sci., 5A, 29; C. A., 4, 2709: 622. 

1318 . Vrevskij, M. S. J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 42 , 1-35; C. B. (1910) I, 1959-61; C. A., 5 , 1423 (1911): 

321, 3227. 

1319 . Vrevskij, M. S. J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 42 , 702-14; C. B. (1911), II, 1192; C. A., 5 , 3747 (1911): 

3228. 

1320 . Vrevskij, M. S. J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 42 ,1349-55; C. B. (19x1), II, 1193-4; C. A., 5 , 2016 (1911); 

J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 43 , 1446-57 (1911); C. B. (1912), I, 392: 3228, 3233. 

1321 . Walden, P. Z. physik.Chem., 70 , 569-619 (p. 573); C. A., 4 , 1258: 2245. 

* 1322 . Warren, W. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 32 , 698-702; C. B., II, 125-6; C. A., 5, 3 (1911): 2222, 613312, 87. 
1323 . Wolff, H. Chem. Ztg., 34 , 1193: 62, 627. 

* 1324 . Young, S. Proc. Dublin Soc. (N.S.), 12 , 374-443 (pp.388,441); Z. physik. Chem., 70 , 620-6; C. A., 
4 , 1564; C. B., I, 1481-2: 21, 2213, 2222, 2223, 2237, 23. 


M cKelvy] 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 


467 




1911 

1325 . Armstrong, H. E. and F . P. Worley. Chem. News., 103 , 145; C. B., I, 507; C. A., 5 , 2355: 3273. 

1326 . Bacon, R. F. Bur. Chem. Circular No. 74 (1911); C. A., 5 , 2873: 613, 614, 623, 624. 

1327 . Berthelot, D. et H. Gaudechon. C. r. acad sci. Paris, 153 , 383-6; C. B., II, 1016-7; C. A., 5 , 2629: 524. 

1328 . Birstein, G., H. Denneler und A. Heiduschka. Z. angew. Chem., 24 , 2429-30: 6, 87. 

* 1329 . Braune, H. Diss., Heidelberg: 3273, 61124, 62124, 631113. 

1330 . Cederberg, I. W. J. chim. phys., 9 , 3-14; C. B., I, 327; C. A., 5 , 2016: 2222, 2225 , 423. 

1331 . Doroshevskii, A. J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 43 , 46-66; C. B., I, 1407-8; C. A., 6, 9 (1912): 2213. 

1332 . Doroshevskii, A. J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 43 , 636-70; C. B., II, 420; C. A., 6, 179 (1912): 3222, 

3227. 

1333 . Doroshevskii, A. J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 43 , 962-73; C. B., II, 1899; C. A., 6, 315 (1912): 3227. 

1334 . Duperthuis, H. und E. Philippe. Mitt. Lebensmittelunters. u. Hyg., 1 ,188-93; C. B., I, 1255; C. A.; 

5 , 3113: 61123, 62123, 7. 

1335 . Foote , H. W. and S . R. Scholes . J. Am. Chem. Soc., 33 , 1309-26 (pp. 1311, 1321, 1324): C. B., H, 

1403; C. A., 5 , 3189: 3227, 423 • 

1336 . de Forcrand. C. r. acad. sci. Paris, 153 , 1441-4; C. A., 6, 860 (1912): 5213. 

1337 . Goldschmidt, R. Physik. Z., 12 , 417-24; C. B., II, 344; C. A., 5 , 2767: 2232. 

1338 . Griesheim-Elektron, Chemische Fabrik, Frankfurt a. M. D. R. P. 236391; C. B., II, 313: 63115. 

1339 . Hardman, R. and A. Lapworth. J. Chem. Soc. London, 99 , 2242-53; C. A., 6, 1365 (1912); C. B. 

(1912), I, 702: 224, 324. 

1340 . Jones, W. J. and A. Lapworth. J. Chem. Soc. London, 99 , 1427-32: 422. 

* 1341 . Kailan, A. Ber. chem. Ges., 44 , 2881-4; C. B., II, 1721; C. A., 6, 232 (1912): 2222,3273, 61124,62124, 
631112, 631113. 

1342 . Kreider, H. R. and H. C. Jones. Am. Chem. J., 45 , 281-324 (p.297); C. B., I, 1341; C. A., 5 , 1700; 

21, 2141, 2241, 2244, 425. 

1343 . Kreider, H. R. and H. C. Jones. Am. Chem. J., 46 , 574-83; C. A., 6, 823 (1912): C. B. (1912), I, 543: 

21, 2141, 2241. 

1344 . Lapworth, A. and J. R. Partington. J. Chem. Soc. London, 99 , 1417-27: 224. 

1345 . McDaniel, A. S. J. Physic. Chem., 15 , 587-610; C. B., II, 666; C. A., 5 , 3529: 421. 

1346 . Magini, R. Atti R. Accad. Lincei (5), 20 , I, 30-7; C. B., I, 1024; C. A., 5 , 2766: 3225. 

1347. Mariller, C. Bull. ass. chim. suer, dist., 28 473-90, 537 - 59 ; C. B., I, 1184-5, C. A., 5 , 2015: 3228. 

1348 . Mariller, C. Bull. ass. chim. suer, dist., 28 . 768-70; C. B., I, 1785; C. A., 5 , 2455: 3223. 

1349 . Mathews, J. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 33 , 1291-309 (p. 1292); C. A., 5 , 3189: 223. 

1350 . Morgan, J. L. R. and A. M. McAfee. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 33 , 1275-90; C. B., II, 140s; C. A., 5 , 3186: 

21, 2125, 2225. 

1351 . Niven, C. Proc. Roy. Soc. London. A, 85 , 139-45; C. B., I, 1780: 2245. 

1352 . Partington, J. R. J. Chem. Soc. London, 99 , 1937-41; C. A., 6, 366 (1912): 2241, 421. 

1353 . Paschki, N. J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 43 , Phys. Div. 166-84; C. B., II, 1101: 2231, 3231. 

1354 . Sutherland, W. Phil. Mag. (6), 22 , 17-66; C. B., II, 1405; C. A., 5 , 3187: 2213, 321, 32224. 

1355 . Thibaut, R. Ann. Physik. (4), 35 , 347-77; C. B., II, 427; C. A., 6, 6 (1912): 2231. 

1356 . Timmermans, J. Bull. soc. chim. belg., 25 , 300-27; C. B., II, 1015: 2133 , 2134, 2233, 2234. 

1357 . Vandevelde, A. J. J. Bull. soc. chim. belg., 25 , 210-6; C. B., II, 484: 423, 62123. 

1358 . Wade, J. and R. W. Merriman. J. Chem. Soc. London, 99 , 997-1011; C. A., 5 , 2996: 3233. 

1912 

1359 . Adams, A. B. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 4 , 8-14; C. A., 6, 666; C. B., 1 ,1405: 6, 87. 

1360 . Archibald, E. H. and W. A. Patrick. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 34 , 369-75; C. A., 6, 1563: 2241, 522, 525, 

631132, 631145. 

1361 . Biron, E. J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 44 , 65-111 (p. 92-5): 22222. 

1362 . Campbell, N. Phil. Mag. (6), 23 , 668-70; C. B., I, 1992: 2241, 422. 

1363 . Faust, O. Z. physik. Chem., 79 , 97-123; C. B., I, 1419: 21, 2126, 2127, 2226, 2227, 2326, 2327, 88. 

* 1364 . Fresenius, W. und L. Griinhut. Z. anal. Chem., 51 , 123-4; C. B., I, 948: 73. 

1365 . Garver, M. M. J. Physic. Chem., 16 , 234-48 (p. 248): 21, 2112, 2121, 2122, 2125, 2212, 2221, 2222,2225. 

1366 . Kailan, A. Z. anal. Chem., 51 , 81-101; C. A. 6, 232: 24, 2422, 422, 44, 442 

1367 . Korber, F. Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, 1-30; C. B., I, 1274: 2222. 22221. 

1368 . Kuenen, J. P. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam Wisk. en Nat. Afd., 20 , 725-30; C. B., I, 1290: 422. 

1369 . Lippmann, E. O. von. Z. angew. Chem., 25 , 1179-80, 1680-2: 12. 

1370 . McKee, R. H. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 4 , 46; C. A., 6, 558: 631, 87. 

77398 0 —1 3 - 



468 


[V01.Q 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

1371. Richards, T. W. and J. W. Shipley. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 34, 599 - 603 : 62121, 62125, 7, 722. 

1372. Rosenthaler, L. Chem. Ztg. 36, 830 ; C. A. 6 , 3251 : 613 , 614 , 6 x 5 . 

1373. Sander, W. Z. physik. Chem., 78, 513 - 49 ; C. A., 6 , 954 ; C. B., I, 717 : 421 . 

1374. Vandevelde, A. J. J. Bull. inst. sup. brasserie, Gand, 18, s- 13 ; Bull. soc. chim. Belg., 25, 368 ( 1911 ), 

2 e Congres de Alimentation: 71. 

1375. Wieland, H. Ber. chem. Ges., 45, 484-93; C. B., I, 994-5: 521 . 

1913 

*1376. Osborne, N. S., E. C. McKelvy and H. W. Bearce. Bull. Bur. Standards. 9, 327 - 474 ; Preliminary 
Notices: Science, 32, 483 ( 1910 ); Proc. Am. Chem. Soc. ( 1911 ), 66 ; J. Acad. Sci. Washington, 2, 95 - 8 ; 
C. A., 6 , 1085 : 2222, 22221, 22223, 3222, 32221, 611144, 611145, 61121, 61123, 61214, 62123, 631113, 631125, 
631132, 631133, 632112, 632122, 6322, 73, 83, 84, 86, 88. 

[UNCLASSIFIED: 1377. Roscoe and Schorlemmer. Treatise on Chemistry, Vol. Ill, Part 1 , p. 297 - 9 , 
Alcohol; p. 300-20, Alcoholometry: 11, 7. 1378. Wurtz, Ad. Dictionaire de chimie pure et appliquee 

Tome I, p. 105 - 33 , Alcool, p. 133 - 6 ; Alcoometrie: 11, 7.] 

2. DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS 

I General 

II General Treatises and Articles 33, 49, 51, 134, 255, 275, 298, 334, 386, 407, 441, 444, 546, 547, 668 , 862, 880, 

883, 903, 904, 971, 1086, 1144, 1182, 1243, 1377, 1378. 

12 History 66 , 602, 910, 1227, 1237, 1286, 1369. 

13 Constitution 3, 74, 206, 333, 343, 431, 492, 584, 643, 718, 719, 819, 8S9, 1136, 1179, 1191, 1228, 1241. 

14 Synthesis 222, 223, 224, 230, 233, 262, 276, 278, 867, 872, 935, 965, 969, 983, 1008, 1018, 1038, 1070, 1080 

1165, 1247, 1263, 1286, 1301. 

15 Preparation 177, 181, 262, 386, 521, 544, 571, 705, 732, 876, 880, 1263, 1301. 

16 Alcoholic fermentation 25, 260, 323, 1036, 1068, 1079, 1170. 

21 Physical Properties 62, 77, 92, 93, 138, 145, 333, 911, 925, 960, 976, 988, 996. 

of Methyl Alcohol 65, 199, 248, 269, 322, 354, 359, 362, 395, 424, 437, 457, 492, 504, 517, 563, 572, 599a, 
609, 620, 622, 646, 649, 651, 666 , 668 , 704, 757, 779, 784, 791, 796, 890, 909, 932, 933, 939, 949, 958, 970, 
992, 993, 1033, 1034, 1043, 1063, 1075, 1085, 1092, 1094, 1105, 1106, 1109, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1206, 1219, 
1220, 1222, 1224, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1266, 1269, 1310, 1324, 1342, 1343, 1350, 1356, 1363, 1365. 

22 of Ethyl Alcohol 668 . 

221 Physical Constitution 

2211 Molecular Weight 376, 412, 749, 1137, 1154, 1211, 1272. 

2212 Molecular Constants 608, 805, 1365. 

2213 Molecular Aggregation. Association and Dissociation 463, 507, 585, 618, 672, 673, 695, 709, 

718, 728, 736, 740, 749, 787, 805, 819, 826, 865, 868 , 871, 875, 882, 889, 891, 906, 936, 999, 1012, 
1014, 1041, 1048, 1072, 1137, 1154, 1211, 1236, 1264, 1277, 1295, 1309, 1331, 1354. 

222 Mechanical Properties 159. 

2221 Density and Specific Volume of Vapor 132, 172, 338, 372, 393, 413, 458, 561, 580, 728, 787, 

1273, 1324, 1365. 

2222 Density and Specific Volume of Liquid 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 17, 25, 27, 32, 38, 41, 48, 52, 53, 54, 

75, 79, 83, 84, 90, 92, 93, 97, 102, 109, 128, 132, 137, 152, 154, 155, 165, 168, 172, 188, 199, 207, 
225, 231, 234, 237, 245, 247, 254, 260, 283, 285, 305, 312, 322, 326, 332, 333, 338, 343, 347, 350, 

359, 362, 364, 393, 400, 405, 408, 411, 413, 414, 431, 433, 438, 445, 449, 453, 457, 462, 463, 468, 

486, 512, 527, 531, 549, 553, 563, 564, 578, 579, 580, 581, 584, 585, 588, 607, 609, 622, 645, 646, 

651, 659, 679, 684, 692, 717, 741, 755, 759, 780, 788, 810, 818, 832, 837, 860, 889, 909, 920, 931, 

933, 948, 959, 966, 986, 1033, 1083, 1087, 1094, 1095, 1109, 1133, 1148, 1162, 1164, 1167, 1168, 
1175, 1183, 1187, 1197, 1200, 1205, 1208, 1230, 1232, 1257, 1266, 1269, 1284, 1292, 1295, 1308, 
1309, 1322, 1324, 1330, 1341, 1365, 1367, 1376. 

22221 Change with Temperature. Thermal Expansion 2 , 4 , 5 , 26, 46, 47 , 52, 75, 84, 92, 93 , 

137, 154, 172, 207, 220, 237, 247, 305, 326, 347, 378, 400, 417, 420, 429, 438, 445, 468,484, 
496, 527, 549, 564, 607, 645, 684, 717, 755, 797, 933, 1033, 1087, 1109, 1168, 1211, 1255, 
1367, 1376. 

22222 Change with Pressure. Compressibility 40, 103, 235, 237, 265, 409, 411, 446/495, 566, 

567, 619, 654, 680, 928, 936, 1159, 1161, 1197, 1361. 

22223 Change with Absorption of Gases 207, 324, 373, 421, 512, 795, 956, 1376. 


McKtlvy] 


469 


Density and Expansion of Alcohol 


2223 


2224 

2225 


2226 

2227 

223 

2231 

2232 

2233 


2234 

2235 

2236 

2237 

2238 

2239 
224 
2241 


2242 

2243 

2244 

2245 

2246 

2247 

2248 

2249 

225 

2251 

2252 

2253 

226 
2261 


2262 

2263 

2264 

2265 
227 

2271 

2272 
23 


24 

25 


Physical Properties—Continued, 
of Ethyl Alcohol—Continued. 

Mechanical Properties—Continued. 

Critical Phenomena. Corresponding States 251, 302, 340, 342, 346, 390, 392, 404, 426, 429, 
458, 490, 505, 579, 652, 654, 726, 728, 742, 755, 805, 827, 871, 921, 963, 1000, 1017, 1041, 1055, 
1098, 1117, 1277, 1324. 

Diffusion and Osmotic Pressure 401, 436, 462, 616, 960. 

Surface Tension 61, 91, 146, 157, 158, 190, 192, 237, 240, 267, 312, 332, 352, 393, 451, 463, 470, 
479, 480, 481,482, 496, 509, 532, 553, 606, 629, 644, 662, 672, 673, 818, 896, 961, 966, 1108, 1113, 
1137, 1159, 1211, 1289, 1292, 1330, 1350, 1365. 

Viscosity and Fluidity 72, 94, 169, 268, 328, 331, 394, 395, 427, 453, 473, 476, 480, 481, 584, 605, 
643, 677, 718, 766, 881, 947, 1002, 1014, 1025, 1035, 1043, 1075, 1105, 1121, 1136, 1141, 1147, 
1179, 1183, 1187, 1197, 1211, 1228, 1230, 1233, 1234, 1293, 1309, 1363. 

Vapor Pressure and Evaporation 132, 133, 154, 176, 228, 340, 371, 372, 401, 404, 412, 427, 445, 
477, 507, 508, 540, 567, 596, 624, 665, 724, 728, 848, 893, 1088, 1128, 1138, 1206, 1269,1279, 1315. 

Thermal Properties 99, 179, 503, 506, 628, 822, 1166, 1349. 

Specific Heat 75, 104, 179, 220, 237, 332, 376, 426, 445, 528, 548, 567, 894, 1003, 1065, 1127, 1131, 
1175, 1202, 1212, 1223, 1353, 1355. 

Thermal Conductivity 361, 403, 852, 1157, 1337. 

Boiling Point 37, 79, 82, 83, 84, 92, 128, 137, 151, 154, 172, 199, 231, 237, 406, 445, 448, 462, 488, 
492, 531, 585, 622, 670, 725, 730, 741, 832, 844, 861, 884, 890, 897, 899, 948, 959, 1034, 1087, 
1088, 1122, 1187, 1232, 1269, 1299, 1356. 

Melting Point 24, 48, 58, 80, 81, 112, 416, 580, 660, 754, 767, 850, 892, 932, 1013, 1073, 1356. 

Ignition Temperature 898, 977. 

Point of Calefaction 990. 

Heat of Vaporization 67, 85, 426, 450, 601, 650, 664, 704, 730, 774, 854, 991, 1048, 1219, 1279, 
1324. 

Heat of Fusion. 

Heat of Combustion or Formation 478, 636, 1010, 1084, 1191. 

Electrical Properties 699, 838, 846, 917, 976, 1044, 1063, 1339, 1344. 

Electrical Conductivity 243, 296, 316, 321, 369, 387, 394, 435, 443, 455, 456, 466, 491, 527, 562, 
568, 637, 649, 651, 657, 658, 701, 710, 722, 723, 734, 810, 815, 828, 837, 839, 843, 881, 914, 937, 
941, 946, 959, 962, 967, 970, 996, 1007, 1014, 1023, 1026, 1039, 1043, 1054, 1075, 1085, 1105 ,1106. 
1121, 1175, 1176, 1180,1208, 1233, 1234, 1257, 1291, 1299, 1342, 1343, 1352, 1360, 1362. 

Ionic Dissociation 491, 690, 701, 843, 996. 

Ionic Velocities 689, 700, 758, 798, 946, 962, 1106. 

Dissociative Power 690, 843, 882, 887, 888, 914, 937, 939, 1026, 1208, 1342. 

Dielectric Constant 573, 621, 694, 706, 719, 739, 781, 792, 802, 803, 810, 813, 840, 868, 879, 882, 
930, 963, 1219, 1259, 1260, 1321, 1351. 

Electrical Absorption 803, 1259, 1260. 

Electrical Dispersion 761, 842, 856, 1172, 1287. 

Electrical Reflection 760. 

Electrical Refraction 760, 769, 1172. 

Magnetic Properties 529. 

Magnetic Behavior 114, 915, 1241, 1290. 

Magnetic Susceptibility 514, 849. 

Electro-magnetic Rotation of the Plane of Polarized Light 431, 457, 609, 676, 748, 949. 

Optical Properties. 

Refractive Index 69, 86, 128, 147, 170, 188, 199, 227, 234, 245, 322, 343, 350, 364, 411, 414, 
432, 442, 449, 531, 563, 569, 581, 588, 609, 620, 646, 659, 692, 741, 751, 788, 832, 909, 989, 
1133, 1167, 1174, 1221, 1295. 

Reflecting Power 1199. 

Absorption 597, 626. 

Absorption Spectra 322, 819, 1149, 1172. 

Dispersion 188, 199, 234, 245, 322, 350, 405, 408, 414, 449, 531, 578, 609, 646, 909. 

Miscellaneous. 

Velocity of Sound in Vapor 145, 472, 561, 984. 

Velocity of Sound in Liquid 108, 145, 533. 

of Higher Saturated Monohydric Aliphatic Alcohols 362, 382, 388, 395, 418, 419, 424, 437, 492, 599a, 
649, 661, 704, 711, 721, 727, 730, 748, 873, 933, 949, 970, 1033, 1043, 1091, 1092, 1094, 1174, 1219, 1220, 
1225, 1232, 1269, 1270, 1310, 1314, 1324, 1363. 
of the Saturated Polyhydric Aliphatic Alcohols 1234, 1366. 
of the Unsaturated Alcohols 327, 388, 424, 437, 992, 1203, 1219. 


470 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 


[Vol. 9 


3 

31 

32 

321 

322 

3221 

3222 


32221 

32222 

32223 

32224 

3223 

3224 

3225 

3226 

3227 

3228 


323 

3231 

3232 

3233 

3234 

3235 

3236 

3237 

3238 

3239 

324 

3241 

3242 

3243 

3244 

3245 

3246 

3247 

3248 

3249 

325 

3251 

3252 

3253 

326 

3261 

3262 

3263 

3264 


Physical Properties of Alcohol-Water Mixtures 301, 671, 716. 

of Methyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures 144, 269, 314, 362, 511, 517, 663, 809, 987, 1011, 1043, 1210, 1220* 
1222, 1224, 1233, 1269. 

of Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures 144, 987. 

Physical Constitution 498, 499, 500, 594, 1021, 1104, 1262, 1274, 1318, 1354. 

Mechanical Properties. 

Density and Specific Volume of Mixed Vapors 132. 

Density and Specific Volume of Mixed Liquids 4, 5, 20, 59, 64, 84, 90, 105, 115, 132, 144, 
152, 154, 155, 165, 168, 207, 216, 237, 242, 245, 247, 305, 326, 374, 400, 433, 438, 445, 
498, 499, 500, 583, 639, 645, 684, 692, 759, 780, 834, 918, 931, 948, 1022, 1249, 1278, 
1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1312, 1332, 1376. 

Change with Temperature. Thermal Expansion 4, 5, 20, 46, 47, 84, 115, 154, 207, 
216, 237, 247, 305, 313, 326, 400, 438, 445, 639, 645, 684, 780, 1303, 1376. 

Change with Pressure. Compressibility 40, 430, 566, 593, 804. 

Change with Absorption of Gases 469. 

Volume Change on Mixing. Theory of Contraction 44, 91, 132, 242, 425, 581, 1064, 
1103, 1188, 1271, 1312, 1354. 

Critical Phenomena 302, 357, 702, 859. 

Osmotic Behavior 401, 1060, 1089. 

Surface Tension 190, 192, 208, 237, 267, 339, 352, 460, 461, 480, 591, 644, 770, 818, 916, 1312, 
1346. 

Viscosity and Fluidity 72, 169, 268, 394, 473, 480, 558, 772, 1025, 1035, 1043, 1099, 1147, 1195, 
1228, 1233, 1262, 1278. 

Vapor Pressure and Evaporation 19, 29, 56, 130, 132, 133, 150, 154, 176, 193, 217, 301, 371, 
401, 445, 596, 610, 703, 929, 1005, 1019, 1143, 1209, 1210, 1269, 1318, 1332, 1333, 1335. 

Vapor Composition and Theory of Distillation 31, 34, 36, 60, 95, 130, 184, 186, 189, 191, 212, 
258, 280, 307, 336, 353, 384, 447, 539, 678, 714, 812, 978, 1005, 1019, 1027, 1138, 1143, 1192, 
1209, 1210, 1319, 1320, 1347. 

Thermal Properties 822, 1166. 

Specific Heats 153, 226, 237, 246, 263, 285, 335, 362, 374, 440, 445, 447, 1003, 1131, 1175, 1212, 
1223, 1353. 

Thermal Conductivity 559, 852, 919. 

Boiling Points 31, 43, 56, 116, 151, 154, 193, 237, 301, 308, 445, 447, 703, 844, 897, 899, 948, 
1027, 1269, 1320, 1348, 1358. 

Melting Points 24, 110, 242, 294, 355, 686, 707, 708, 743, 920, 1071. 

Ignition Temperatures 360, 977, 1051. 

Points of Calefaction 990. 

Heats of Vaporisation 450, 647. 

Heats of Fusion. 

Heat of Mixing 89, 125, 156, 196, 197, 218, 237, 249, 250, 285, 425, 445, 647, 951, 1064, 1131, 
1152, 1236. 

Electrical Properties 914, 1339. 

Electrical Conductivities 304, 369, 387, 394, 454, 611, 632, 663, 710, 715, 815, 946, 959, 979, 
985, 1042, 1043, 1054, 1176, 1233. 

Ionic dissociation 632, 683, 740, 773. 

Ionic velocities 683, 700, 946, 1042. 

Dissociative Power 683. 

Dielectric Constants 719, 813, 916, 1260. 

Electrical Absorption 1260. 

Electrical Dispersion 1172. 

Electrical Reflection 760. 

Electrical Refraction 760, 1172. 

Magnetic Properties. 

Magnetic Behavior. 

Magnetic Susceptibility. 

Electro-magnetic Rotation of the Plane of Polarized Light 475, 1304. 

Optical Properties. 

Refractive Indices 69, 144, 170, 245, 432, 569, 583, 681, 692, 832, 972, 1103, 1167, 1174, 1188, 
1221, 1278, 1302, 1305, 1307. 

Reflecting Power. 

Absorption. 

Absorption Spectra 1172. 


McKelvy] 


471 


Density and Expansion 0} Alcohol 

Physical Properties— Continued 

oi Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures—Continued 
327 Miscellaneous. 

3271 Velocity of Sound in Mixed Vapors. 

3272 Velocity of Sound in the Mixed Liquids. 

3273 Velocity of Reactions 612, 683, 853, 878, 1046, 1062, 1076, 1090, 1100, 1140, 1184, 1228, 1235, 

1264, 1283, 1288, 1325, 1329, 1341. 

33 of Higher Saturated Monohydric Aliphatic Alcohol-Water Mixtures 279, 362, 600, 642, 697, 987, 

1210, 1220, 1225, 1269, 1270. 

34 of Saturated Polyhydric Aliphatic Alcohol-Water Mixtures. 

35 of the Unsaturated Alcohol-Water Mixtures 1203. 

4 Equilibrium Relations in systems of two or more components 1146. 

41 for Methyl Alcohol and Methyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures 385, 648, 693, 784, 791, 887, 944, 1057, 

1233, 1313. 

42 for Ethyl Alcohol and Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures 317, 540, 558, 594, 618, 671, 699, 754, 822, 823, 

893, 899, 948, 1021. 

421 with Gases 135, 139, 211, 310, 391, 469, 486, 495, 553, 564, 599, 616, 748, 795, 885, 907, 940, 981, 

995, 1159, 1200, 1345, 1352, 1373. 

422 with Liquids. Hygroscopicity 359, 466, 498, 499, 500, 698, 699, 762, 831, 859, 861, 884, 890, 931, 

988, 1009, 1028, 1058, 1076, 1095, 1138, 1230, 1233, 1252, 1274, 1278, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1308, 1340, 
1362, 1366, 1368. 

423 with Solids 63, 98, 120, 174, 203, 317, 318, 345, 385, 582, 603, 610, 628, 648, 691, 693, 696, 721, 725, 

731, 737, 762, 771, 777, 794, 797, 807, 815, 836, 841, 860, 924, 927, 929, 941, 944, 1044, 1074, 1089, 
1111, 1123, 1130, 1134, 1145, 1160, 1163, 1206, 1223, 1243, 1248, 1256, 1275, 1300, 1313, 1330, 1335, 
1357. 

424 Vapor Composition and Distillation of Non-aqueous Mixtures 733, 884, 897, 988, 1052. 

425 Elevation of the Boding Point 701, 725, 730, 887, 1122, 1128, 1254, 1272, 1342. 

426 Depression of the Freezing Point 513, 698, 873, 968. 

43 for the Higher Saturated Monohydric Aliphatic Alcohols and Their Mixtures with Water 693, 

727, 825, 1155. 

44 for the Saturated Polyhydric Aliphatic Alcohols and Their Mixtures with Water 1366. 

45 for the Unsaturated Alcohols and Their Mixtures with Water 693. 

5 Chemical Behavior 829. 

51 of Methyl Alcohol 288, 523, 821, 1184. 

52 of Ethyl Alcohol 808, 829, 1030. 

521 Reactions with Other Substances 42, 74, 213, 219, 253, 256, 315, 434, 535, 762, 829, 945, 997, 

999, 1015, 1032, 1101, 1124, 1142, 1226, 1235, 1297, 1308, 1375. 

52 H Oxidation of Alcohol 55, 71, 166, 185, 635, 834, 974, 982, 1034, 1078, 1135, 1139, 1171, 1201, 

1208, 1238, 1250. 

5212 Reduction of Alcohol. 

5213 Action of Dehydrating Agents 28, 60, 107, 141, 166, 181, 219, 244, 270, 303, 344, 368, 381, 

877, 900, 935, 943, 944, 954, 973, 994, 995, 1118, 1119, 1156, 1158, 1285, 1336. 

5214 Double Decompositions 831, 1101, 1281, 1282, 1283. 

522 Action of Catalyzers 76, 938, 955, 997, 998, 1004, 1015, 1016, 1020, 1059, 1153, 1190, 1204, 1238, 

1250, 1297, 1360. 

523 Action of Heat 221, 270, 344, 381, 953. 

524 Action of Light 1261, 1327. 

525 Electrochemical Behavior 53, 78, 316, 699, 835, 846, 912, 969, 980, 1083, 1360. 

526 Stability. Spontaneous Decomposition 55, 76, 1078. 

53 of Higher Saturated Monohydric Aliphatic Alcohols 277. 

54 of Saturated Polyhydric Aliphatic Alcohols 257. 

55 of Unsaturated Alcohols. 


472 


[Vol.Q 


6 

61 

611 

6111 

61111 

611111 

611112 

611113 

611114 

61112 

611121 

611122 

611123 

611124 

611125 

61113 
611131 
611132 
611133 
611134 

61114 
611141 
611142 
611143 
611144 
611145 
611146 

61115 
6112 
61121 
61122 

61123 

61124 

61125 
612 
6121 
61211 
61212 

61213 

61214 

61215 
6122 

613 

614 

615 

616 

617 

618 
619 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 

Purification 184, 301, 370, 428, 441, 459, 467, 521, 530, 542, 544, 545, 576, 627, 656, 674, 682, 713, 744, 786, 
1031, 1086, 1102, 1125, 1150, 1168, 1170, 1182, 1207, 1254, 1310, 1315, 1328, 1359. 

Detection of Impurities 90, 183, 321, 365, 542, 552, 554, 587, 634, 641, 653, 667, 957, 1039, 1265. 
of Water. 

Chemical Methods 207, 337. 

Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals. 

Sodium. 

Potassium. 

Calcium 1243. 

Magnesium. 

Metallic Amalgams. 

Sodium. 

Potassium. 

Calcium. 

Magnesium 1243. 

Aluminium 1243. 

Metallic Oxides. 

Sodium oxide. 

Calcium oxide 1243. 

Barium oxide 1243. 

Aluminium oxide. 

Metallic Salts. 

Sodium sulphate. 

Potassium carbonate. 

Calcium chloride. 

Calcium carbide 838, 866, 1214, 1376. 

Potassium-lead iodide 1129, 1376. 

Copper sulphate 88, 1214. 

Miscellaneous 311, 351, 1 15, 1214. 

Physical Methods 796. 

Density Determinations 1371. 

Refractive Index. 

Critical Solution Temperature 117, 422, 464, 735, 838, 859, 960, 1033, 1058, 1066, 1094, 
1116, 1117, 1120, 1167, 1173, 1252, 1334, 1376. 

Velocity of Reaction 853, 1062, 1090, 1100, 1107, 1140, 1185, 1235, 1257, 1288, 1329, 1341. 
Miscellaneous 443, 508, 743, 744. 
of Aldehydes 522, 847, 1243. 

Chemical Methods 554, 557, 586, 752, 778, 847, 950. 

Oxidation 397, 398, 556, 1218. 

Reduction. 

Double Compound 483. 

Sulphite-fuchsine 209, 356, 377, 493, 590, 604, 778, 789, 1083, 1376. 

Miscellaneous 410,1045. 

Physical Methods. 

of Methyl Alcohol 306, 366, 379, 415, 494, 525, 655, 811, 863, 864, 886, 895, 901, 902, 905, 922, 1031, 
1077, 1081, 1082, 1126, 1189, 1243, 1253, 1267, 1280, 1326, 1372. 
of Ethyl Alcohol 239, 252, 293, 297, 329, 330, 358, 402, 423, 655, 775, 1031, 1077, 1268, 1280, 1326, 
1372. 

of the Higher Alcohols. Fusel Oil 127, 264, 349, 383, 428, 522, 554, 575, 633, 655, 785, 814, 1006, 
1031, 1243, 1372. 
of Esters 753, 1243. 
of Ethers, 
of Ketones 626'. 
of Fatty Acids 1067, 1243. 


AlcKelvy] 


473 


62 

621 

6211 

6212 

62121 

62122 

62123 

62124 

62125 
622 

623 

624 

625 

626 

627 

628 
629 
63 
631 
6311 

63111 
631111 

631112 

631113 

631114 

63112 
631121 
631122 
631123 
631124 
631125 

63113 
631131 
631132 


631133 

631134 

63114 
631141 
631142 
631143 
631144 
631145 

631146 

631147 

63115 
6312 

63121 

63122 

63123 

63124 


t Density and Expansion of Alcohol. 

P uri ficat ion—Con t inued. 

Quantitative Determination of Impurities 615, 634, 653, 1265, 1323. 
of Water. 

Chemical Methods. 

Physical Methods 195, 510, 675, 1114. 

Density 205, 1276, 1371. 

Refractive Index 205, 783, 1024, 1047, 1164, 1181, 1196, 1276. 

Critical Solution Temperature 735, 838, 960, 1033, 1066, 1094, 1095, 1116, 1120, 1167, 
1177, 1252, 1334, 1357, 1376. 

Velocity of Reaction 1288, 1329, 1341. 

Miscellaneous 606, 1051, 1071, 1186, 1245, 1371. 
of Aldehydes 493, 763, 778, 793, 1045, 1093, 1296, 1317. 

of Methyl Alcohol 282, 288, 306, 379, 494, 623, 811, 851, 863, 864, 1058, 1077, 1267, 1326. 
of Ethyl Alcohol 281, 290, 315, 330, 432, 520, 555, 613, 776, 800, 801, 806, 834, 838, 923, 926, 934, 
1077, 1239, 1245, 1258, 1268, 1306, 1326. 

of Higher Alcohols. Fusel Oil 349, 389, 428, 481, 510, 550, 574, 598, 738, 785, 814, 870, 874, 
1061, 1178. 

of Esters 288, 753, 806. 
of Ethers 1323. 
of Ketones 288. 
of Fatty Acids 1067. 

Removal of Impurities 283, 542, 682, 908, 1109, 1265. 

of Water 117, 140, 149, 160, 399, 1142, 1175, 1224, 1251, 1370. 

Chemical Methods 22, 57. 

Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals. 

Sodium 199, 413, 433, 477, 679, 710, 741, 828, 832, 838, 970, 1046, 1054, 1094, 1273, 
1275, 1313. 

Potassium. 

Calcium 1069, 1087, 1109, 1164, 1167, 1185, 1230, 1231, 1243, 1257, 1285, 1288, 1309, 
1329, 1341, 1376. 

Magnesium 
Metallic Amalgams. 

Sodium. 

Potassium. 

Calcium. 

Magnesium 973, 1037, 1110, 1167, 1243. 

Aluminium 750, 768, 838, 1214, 1243, 1244, 1376. 

Metallic Oxides. 

Sodium Oxide. 

Calcium Oxide 25, 53, 60, 84, 90, 97, 102, 132, 155, 183, 199, 207, 213, 254, 283, 286, 
291, 371, 413, 433, 455, 526, 623, 651, 679, 710, 717, 722, 741, 810, 837, 838, 861, 884, 
941, 967, 970, 1023, 1033, 1052, 1065, 1094, 1105, 1148, 1167, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1214, 
1230, 1234, 1257, 1322, 1341, 1360, 1376. 

Barium Oxide 183, 207, 741, 1094, 1174, 1234, 1299, 1376. 

Aluminium Oxide. 

Metallic Salts 471. 

Sodium Sulphate 60. 

Potassium Carbonate 1, 10, 90, 102, 155, 283, 771. 

Calcium Chloride 7, 9, 11, 17, 27, 41, 60. 

Calcium Carbide 830, 857, 858, 890, 933, 943, 1257. 

Copper Sulphate 102, 431, 832, 838, 861, 884, 890, 970, 1105, 1231, 1275, 1300, 1313, 
1360. 

Potassium Tartrate 10. 

Potassium Acetate 60. 

Miscellaneous 1338. 

Physical Methods. 

Distillation of Binary Mixtures 186, 189, 336, 353, 375, 1029. 

Distillation of Ternary Mixtures 986, 1029. 

Crystallisation or Freezing 24, 660, 707, 754, 932, 1013. 

Miscellaneous 20. 


474 


Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 


[Vol. q, No. 3 


Purification—Continued. 

Removal of Impurities—Continued. 

632 of Aldehydes 177, 181, 1170, 1243. 

6321 Chemical Methods 778, 1083. 

63211 Oxidation Methods. 

632111 Silver Nitrate 722, 1097. 

632112 Silver Oxide 974, 1097, 1218, 1376. 

632113 Potassium Permanganate 576, 1045. 

632114 Potassium Bichromate. 

63212 Reduction Methods 1016. 

632121 Sodium. 

632122 Metalic Amalgams 1376. 

63213 Double Compound Methods 483, 1112. 

63214 Polymerisation Methods with Alkali 1045. 

6322 Physical Methods 722, 778, 1150, 1376. 

633 of Methyl Alcohol 233, 1243. 

634 of Ethyl Alcohol. 

635 of the Higher Alcohols. Fusel Oil 140, 428, 1243. 

636 of Esters, Ethers, Ketones, Fatty Acids 177, 262, 434, 1102, 1243. 

64 Separation of Alcohols from Each Other 733, 1280. 

641 Qualitative Detection 864. 

642 Quantitative Separation 851, 864. 

65 Purification of Compounds other than Alcohols 1254, 1275. 


71 

72 
721 


722 

723 

724 
73 


74 

75 


Alcoholometry 15, 95, 131, 195, 200, 205, 281, 307, 370, 501, 592, 613, 615, 675, 808, 812, 869, 903, 923, 926, 
990, 1120, 1177, 1213, 1239, 1245, 1258, 1298, 1306, 1311, 1334, 1371, 1377, 1378. 

General Treatises 27, 30, 70, 171, 178, 204, 255, 271, 273, 275, 287, 290, 292, 298, 386, 396, 439, 444, 485, 
497, 543, 546, 547, 669, 688, 765, 845, 855, 862, 1056, 1077, 1181, 1374. 

Alcoholometers 20, 35, 39, 68, 121, 124, 136, 167, 200, 232, 474, 565, 640, 765, 1071. 

Hydrometers 12, 13, 16, 18, 21, 23, 50, 70, 73, 105, 113, 115, 126, 148, 152, 161, 162,163, 164,175, 180, 
194, 198, 210, 261, 267, 272, 274, 519, 536, 560, 577, 589, 591, 617, 631, 745, 747, 770, 913, 942, 1169, 
1193, 1276. 

Dilatometers 106, 111, 266, 1371. 

Ebulliscopes. Vaporimeters 31, 43, 87, 96, 100,101, 111, 116, 118, 129, 132, 187, 189, 201, 214, 289, 
295, 299, 307, 308, 341, 720, 764, 790, 1001, 1186. 

Capillarimeters 146, 208, 229, 236, 339, 460, 510, 518, 541, 574. 

Alcoholometric Tables 2, 8, 20, 35, 45, 90, 102, 105, 119, 142, 163, 164, 168, 173, 182, 207, 215, 238, 259, 
272, 284, 348, 367, 380, 433, 434, 465, 487, 489, 497, 524, 537, 538, 546, 595, 645, 684, 685, 729, 782, 869, 
926, 964, 975, 1040, 1050, 1096, 1151, 1169, 1194, 1213, 1215, 1216, 1240, 1242, 1265, 1311, 1364, 1376. 
Taxing of Liquors 4, 5, 105, 215, 516. 

Miscellaneous 6, 14, 360, 745. 


8 Miscellaneous 434, 464, 925. 

81 Density of Water 59, 122, 123, 143, 363, 421, 623, 630, 799, 824, 1217. 

82 Thermal Expansion of Water 122, 123, 143, 484, 614, 638, 799, 817, 824, 1132. 

83 Density Determination Methods 433, 770, 913, 925, 1376. 

84 Picnometers 820, 913, 952, 1114, 1376. 

85 Drying of Moist Air and other Gases 202, 300, 325, 452, 502, 534, 1049. 

86 Preparation and Treatment of Dehydrating Agents 319, 320, 551, 570, 625, 750, 756, 768, 1244, 1376. 

87 Distillation Methods 200, 258, 279, 301, 307, 309, 375, 441, 467, 526, 544, 627, 674, 678, 713, 714, 812, 

1029, 1143, 1198, 1246, 1322, 1328, 1359, 1370. 

88 Bibliographies 326, 444, 445, 515, 883, 961, 1116, 1168, 1184, 1363, 1376. 


PUBLICATIONS ISSUED BY THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS, 
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR 

SCIENTIFIC PAPERS 

i* Recomparison of the United States Prototype Meter. L. A. Fischer 

2. A Study of the Silver Voltameter. K.E. Guthe 

3. The So-called International Electrical Units. Frank A.Wolff 

4. The Spectra of Mixed Gases. P. G. Nutting 

5. On Secondary Spectra and the Conditions under which They May Be 

Produced .. P. G. Nutting 

6. Some New Rectifying Effects in Conducting Gases ... P. G. Nutting 

7. On Fibers Resembling Quartz in Their Elastic Properties . . . .K.E. Guthe 

8. On the Temperature of the Arc.C. W. Waidner and G. K. Burgess 

9. The Absolute Measurement of Inductance . . . E. B. Rosa and F. W. Grover 

10. The Absolute Measurement of Capacity . . . . E. B. Rosa and F. W. Grover 

11. Optical Pyrometry. C. W. Waidner and G. K. Burgess 

12. On the Theory of the Matthews and the Russell-Ueonard Photom¬ 

eters for the Measurement of Mean Spherical and Mean Hemi¬ 
spherical Intensities. E. P. Hyde 

13. The Testing of Clinical Thermometers . . C.W. Waidner and L. A. Fischer 

14. Measurement of Inductance by Anderson’s Method, Using Alter¬ 

nating Currents and a Vibration Galvanometer . E. B. Rosa and F. W. Grover 

15. Use of Serpentine in Standards of Inductance . . E. B. Rosa and F. W. Grover 

16. The Silver Coulometer. K.E. Guthe 

17. History of Standard Weights and Measures of the United States . . L. A. Fischer 

18. Wattmeter Methods of Measuring Power Expended upon Condensers 

and Circuits of Low Power Factor. E. B. Rosa 

19. The Relative Intensities of Metal and Gas Spectra from Electrically 

Conducting Gases. P. G. Nutting 

20. The Use of White Walls in a Photometric Laboratory. E. P. Hyde 

21. Influence of Wave Form on the Rate of Integrating Induction Watt¬ 

meters . E. B. Rosa, M. G. Lloyd, and C. E. Reid 

22. Detector for Small Alternating Currents and Electrical Waves . L. W. Austin 

23. The Positive Charges Carried by the Canal Rays. L. W. Austin 

24. Radiation from Platinum at High Temperatures. G. K. Burgess 

25. A Five-Thousand-Volt Generator Set. P. G. Nutting 

26. Talbot’s Law as Applied to the Rotating Sectored Disk . . . . E. P. Hyde 

27. A New Determination of the ♦Electromotive Force of Weston and 

Clark Standard Cells by an Absolute Electrodynamometer . .K.E. Guthe 

28. The Gray Absolute Electrodynamometer. Edward B. Rosa 

29. Construction and Calculation of Absolute Standards of Inductance . J. G. Coffin 

30. An Efficiency Meter for Electric Incandescent Lamps. 

. E. P. Hyde and H. B. Brooks 

31. Calculation of the Self-Inductance of Single-Layer Coils . . . Edward B. Rosa 

32. Heat Treatment of High-Temperature Mercurial Thermometers . 

. Hobert C. Dickinson 

33. A New Potentiometer for the Measurement of Electromotive Force 

and Current. H. B. Brooks 

34. Spectrum Lines as Light Sources in Polariscopic Measurements . Frederick Bates 

35. Polarimetric Sensibility and Accuracy. P.G. Nutting 

36. On the Platinum-Point Electrolytic Detector for Electrical Waves . L. W. Austin 

37. The Influence of Frequency upon the Self-Inductance of Coils . . J. G. Coffin 

38. Experiments on the Heusler Magnetic Alloys . K. E. Guthe and L. W. Austin 

39. A Pocket Spectrophotometer. P.G. Nutting 


1 





















II Publications Issued by the Bureau of Standards 

40. Preliminary Measurements on Temperature and Selective Radiation 

of Incandescent Lamps. C. W. Waidner and G. K. Burgess 

41. Revision of the Formulae of Weinstein and Stefan for the Mutual 

Inductance of Coaxial Coils. Edward B. Rosa 

42. The Mutual Inductance of Two Circular Coaxial Coils of Rectangular 

Section. Edward B. Rosa and L. Cohen 

43. On the Determination of the Mean Horizontal Intensity of Incandes¬ 

cent Lamps by the Rotating Lamp Method . . E. P. Hyde and F. E. Cady 

44. Purity and Intensity of Monochromatic Light Sources . . . P. G. Nutting 

45. Radiometric Investigations of Infra-Red Absorption and Reflection 

Spectra. W. W. Coblentz 

46. A Vacuum Radiomicrometer. W. W. Coblentz 

47. On the Geometrical Mean Distances of Rectangular Areas and the 

Calculation of Self-Inductance. E. B. Rosa 

48. The Compensated Two-Circuit Electrodynamometer. E. B. Rosa 

49. Complete Form of Fechner’s Law. P. G. Nutting 

50. A Comparison of the Unit of Luminous Intensity of the United States 

with those of Germany, England, and France. E. P. Hyde 

51. Geometrical Theory of Radiating Surfaces, with Discussion of Light 

. Tubes . E. P. Hyde 

52. The Influence of Basic Lead Acetate on the Optical Rotation of 

Sucrose in Water Solution . F. J. Bates and J. C. Blake 

53. On the Calorimetric Determination of Iron with Special Reference 

to Chemical Reagents. H. N. Stokes and J. R. Cain 

54. On Sulphocyanic Acid. H. N. Stokes and J. R. Cain 

55. Radiation from and Melting Points of Palladium and Platinum . 

.C. W. Waidner and G. K. Burgess 

56. The Mutual Inductance of a Circle and a Coaxial Single-Layer Coil— 

The Lorenz Apparatus and the Ayrton-Jones Absolute Electrodyna¬ 
mometer . E. B. Rosa 

57. On the Establishment of the Thermodynamic Scale of Temperature 

by Means of the Constant-Pressure Thermometer . . . Edgar Buckingham 

58. An Exact Formula for the Mutual Inductance of Coaxial Solenoids 

. Louis Cohen 

59. The Mutual Inductance of Coaxial Solenoids . . . E. B. Rosa and L. Cohen 

60. The Production of High-Frequency Oscillations from the Electric 

Arc. L.W. Austin 

6r. An Explanation of the Short Life of Frosted Lamps. E. P. Hyde 

62. Melting Points of the Iron Group Elements by a New Radiation 

Method. G. K. Burgess 

63. On the Determination of the Mean Horizontal Intensity of Incan¬ 

descent Lamps. Edward P. Hyde and F. E. Cady 

64. Simultaneous Measurement of the Capacity and Power Factor of 

Condensers. F.W. Grover 

65. A New Determination of the Ratio of the Electromagnetic to the 

Electrostatic Unit of Electricty. E. B. Rosa and N. E. Dorsey 

66. A Comparison of the Various Methods of Determining the Ratio of the 

Electromagnetic to the Electrostatic Unit of Electricity .... 

• # . E. B. Rosa and N. E. Dorsey 

67. Preliminary Specifications for Clark and Weston Standard Cells . . 

• .* . F. A. Wolff and C. E. Waters 

68. Calorimetric Resistance Thermometers and the Transition Tempera¬ 

ture of Sodium Sulphate. H.C. Dickinson and E. F. Mueller 

69. On the Standard Scale of Temperature in the Interval o° to ioo° C. 

. C. W. Waidner and H. C. Dickinson 

70. Clark and Weston Standard Cells. F. A. Wolff and C. E. Waters 

71. The Electrode Equilibrium of the Standard Cell . F. A. Wolff and C. E. Waters 

72. A Comparative Study of Plain and Frosted Lamps . E. P. Hyde and F. E. Cady 

73. The Variation of Resistances with Atmospheric Humidity .... 

. E. B. Rosa and H. D. Babcock 

74. On the Self-Inductance of a Toroidal Coil of Rectangular Section 

. Edward B. Rosa 
























Publications Issued by the Bureau of Standards 


in 


75 - 

76. 

77 - 

78. 

79 - 

80. 

81. 

82. 

S3- 

84. 

85 - 

86 . 

87 . 

88 . 

89. 

90. 


91. 

92. 
93 - 

94. 

95 - 

96. 

97 - 

98. 

99. 

100. 

101. 

102. 


103. 

104. 

105. 

106. 

107. 

108. 

109. 

110. 

111. 

112 . 
II3- 
114. 

US- 

116. 

117. 


Louis Cohen 
W. A. Noyes 
C. W. Burrows 
H. B. Brooks 
Edward B. Rosa 


On the Self-Inductance of Circles . . . Edward B. Rosa and Louis Cohen 

The Influence of Frequency on the Resistance and Inductance of 

Solenoidal Coils. 

The Atomic Weight of Hydrogen. 

The Best Method of Demagnetizing Iron in Magnetic Testing 
A Deflection Potentiometer for Voltmeter Testing . 

The Self and Mutual Inductance of Linear Conductors . 

The Atomic Weight of Chlorine . . . . W. A. Noyes and H. C. P. Weber 

The Preparation of Chloroplatinic Acid by Electrolysis of Platinum 

Black ... H.C.P. Weber 

The Self-Inductance of a Coil of any Length and any Number of 

Layers of Wire .. Edward B. Rosa 

Self-Inductance of a Solenoid of any Number of Layers .... Louis Cohen 
Instruments and Methods Used in Radiometij .... W.W. Coblentz 
A Quartz Compensating Polariscope with Adjustable Sensibility . F. J. Bates 
An Apparatus for Determining the Form of a Wave of Magnetic 

Fl ux . M. G. Lloyd and J. V. S. Fisher 

Effect of Wave Form upon the Iron Losses in Transformers . Morton G. Lloyd 
The Luminous Properties of Electrically Conducting Helium Gas . P. G. Nutting 
Function of a Periodic Variable Given by the Steady Reading of an 
Instrument, with a Note on the Use of the Capillary Electrometer 

with Alternating Voltages. Morton G. Lloyd 

Selective Radiation from the Nemst Glower. W.W. Coblentz 

The Testing of Glass Volumetric Apparatus . N. S. Osborne and B. H. Veazey 
Formulae and Tables for the Calculation of Mutual and Self Induct¬ 
ance . Edward B. Rosa and Louis Cohen 

Some Contact Rectifiers of Electric Currents. L.W. Austin 

A Method for Producing Feebly Damped High-Frequency Electrical 

Oscillations for Laboratory Measurements. L.W. Austin 

On the Advantages of a High Spark Frequency in Radio-Telegraphy 

. L. W. Austin 

Selective Radiation from Various Solids. W.W. Coblentz 

Remarks on the Quartz Compensating Polariscope with Adjustable 

Sensibility. Frederick Bates 

Methods of Obtaining Cooling Curves. George K. Burgess 

Note on the Approximate Values of Bessel’s Functions for Large 

Arguments. Louis Cohen 

The Influence of Terminal Apparatus on Telephonic Transmission . Louis Cohen 
The Principles Involved in the Selection and Definition of the Funda¬ 
mental Electrical Units to be Proposed for International Adop¬ 
tion . F. A. Wolff 


P. G. Nutting 
. F. A. Wolff 
W. W. Coblentz 
Morton G. Lloyd 
Edward B. Rosa 
Morton G. Lloyd 


The Luminous Equivalent of Radiation. 

The Temperature Formula of the Western Standard Cell 

Radiation, Constants of Metals.». . . 

Dependence of Magnetic Hysteresis upon Wave Form 

A New Form of Standard Resistance. 

Errors in Magnetic Testing with Ring Specimens . 

The Testing of Transformer Steel .... M. G. Lloyd and J. V. S. Fisher 
A New Method of Determining the Focal ^Length of a Converging 

Lens. Irwin G. Priest 

A New Method for the Absolute Measurement of Resistance . Edward B. Rosa 

The Theory of Coupled Circuits. Louis Cohen 

A Volt Scale for a Watts-per-candle Meter. Herbert E. Ives 

The Coefficient of Reflection of Electrical Waves at a Transition 

Point. Louis Cohen 

A Tungsten Comparison Lamp in the Photometry of Carbon Lamps 

. Herbert E. Ives and L. R. Woodhull 

The Determination of the Ratio of Transformation and of the Phase 

Relations in Transformers. E. B. Rosa and M. G. Lloyd 

The Determination of the Magnetic Induction in Straight Bars . . 

. Charles W. Burrows 
























IV 


Publications Issued by the Bureau of Standards 


118. A Method for Constructing the Natural Scale of Pure Color . . P. G. Nutting 

119. An Approximate Method for the Analysis of EMF. Waves . . P. G. Agnew 

120. The Thermoelectric Properties of Tantalum and Tungsten . . W. IV. Coblentz 

121. The Estimation of the Temperature of Copper by Means of Optical 

Pyrometers. George K. Burgess, assisted by J. F. Crowe 

122. The Resolving Power of Objectives. P.G. Nutting 

123. The Theory of the Hampson Liquefier. Edgar Buckingham 

124. Platinum Resistance Thermometry at High Temperatures . 

. C. W. Waidner and G. K. Burgess 

125. The Daylight Efficiency of Artificial Illuminants. H. E. Ives 

126. Coupled Currents in which the Secondary has Distributed Inductance 

and Capacity. Louis Cohen 

127. Effect of Phase of Harmonics upon Acoustic Quality. 

. M. G. Lloyd and P. G. Agnew 

128. White Eight from the Mercury Arc and its Complementary . . Herbert E. Ives 

129. The Regulation of Potential Transformers and the Magnetizing 

Current. M. G. Lloyd and P. G. Agnew 

130. The Determination of the Constants of Instrument Transformers 

. P. G. Agnew and T. T. Fitch 

131. Selective Radiation from Various Solids, II. W.W. Coblentz 

132. Luminous Efficiency of the Firefly . . Herbert E. Ives and W. W. Coblentz 

133. Luminosity and Temperature. P.G. Nutting 

134. A Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Vibration Galva¬ 

nometer . F. Wenner 

135. Specific Heat of Some Calcium Chloride Solutions between —35 0 C. 

and +20° C. H. C. Dickinson , E. F. Mueller , and E. B. George 

136. On the Definition of the Ideal Gas. Edgar Buckingham 

137. Mica Condensers as Standards of Capacity. Harvey L. Curtis 

138. The Mutual Induction of Two Parallel Coaxial Circles in Terms of 

Hypergeometrical Series. Frederick W. Grover 

139. A New Method for the Absolute Measurement of Electric Quantity 

. Burton McCollum 

140. The Comparative Sensitiveness of Some Common Detectors of Elec¬ 

trical Oscillations. Louis W. Austin 

141. Photometric Units and Nomenclature. E. B. Rosa 

142. A Modified Method for the Determination of Relative Wave Lengths, 

especially adapted to the Establishment of Secondary Standards 
. Irwin G. Priest 

143. Note on the Temperature Scale between 100 and 500° C. 

. C. W. Waidner and G. K. Burgess 

144. A New Form of Direct-Reading Candlepower Scale and Recording 

Device for Precision Photometers. George W. Middlekauff 

145. A Device for Measuring the Torque of Electrical Instruments . F. G. Agnew 

146. The Intensities of Some Hydrogen Argon and Helium Lines in Rela¬ 

tion to Current and Pressure .... P.G. Nutting and Orin Tugman 

147. The Temperature Coefficient of Resistance of Copper . . . J. H. Dellinger 

148. The Electrical Conductivity of Commercial Copper. 

. F. A. Wolff and J. H. Dellinger 

149. On the Constancy of the Sulphur Boiling Point. 

. C. W. Waidner and G. K. Burgess 

150. Note on Oscillatory Interference Bands and Some of their Practical 

Applications. G. O. Squier and A. C. Crehore 

151. The Effect of Preliminary Heat Treatment upon the Drying of Clays . . 

. . . .. A. V. Bleininger 

152. The Reflecting Power of Various Metals. W.W. Coblentz 

153. The Action of Sunlight and Air upon Some Lubricating Oils . . C. E. Waters 

154. The Visibility of Radiation. A Recalculation of Konig’s Data . P.G. Nutting 

155. A Photometric Attachment for Spectroscopes. P.G. Nutting 

156. Selective Radiation from Various Substances, III. W.W. Coblentz 

157. The Measurement of Electrical Oscillations in the Receiving An¬ 

tenna . L.W. Austin 


























V 


Publications Issued by the Bureau of Standards 


158. Some Experiments with Coupled High-Frequency Circuits . . L. W. Austin 

159. Some Quantitative Experiments in Long Distance Radiotelegraphy . . 

• • • . . . L.W. Austin 

160. The Behavior of High-Boiling Oils on Heating in the Air . . . C. E. Waters 

161. The Determination of Vanadium in Vanadium and Chrome-Vanadium 

Steels .. J. R. Cain 

162. On the Computation of the Constant C 2 of Planck’s Equation by an Exten¬ 

sion of Paschen’s Method of Equal Ordinates. 

• • . .. Edgar Buckingham and J. H. Dellinger 

163. A Comparison of American Direct Current Switchboard Voltmeters and 

Ammeters. T. T. Fitch and C. J. Huber 

164. Study of the Current Transformer with Particular Reference to Iron Loss 

. P. G. Agnew 

165. Thermodynamics of Concentration Cells. Henry S. Car hart 

166. The Capacity and Phase Difference of Paraffined Paper Condensers as 

Functions of Temperature and Frequency. Frederick W. Grover 

167. The Steam Expansion Line on the Mollier Diagram and a Short Method of 

Finding the Reheat Factor. Edgar Buckingham 

168. Radiometric Investigation of Water of Crystallization, Light Filters, and 

Standard Absorption Bands. W.W. Coblentz 

169. Formulas and Tables for the Calculation of Mutual and Self Induction (2d 

edition, revised and enlarged) . . . . E. B. Rom and Frederick W. Grover 

170. The Correction for Emergent Stem of a Mercurial Thermometer .... 

. Edgar Buckingham 

171. Thermometric Lag. D. R. Harper 

172. Deflection Potentiometers for Current and Voltage Measurements . . . 


. H. B. Brooks 

173. Outline of Design of Deflection Potentiometers with Notes on the Design of 

Moving-Coil Galvanometers. H. B. Brooks 

174. The Determination of Total Sulphur in India Rubber. 

. C. E. Waters and J. B. Tuttle 

175. The Measurement of the Inductances of Resistance Coils. 

. Frederick W. Grover and Harvey L. Curtis 

176. Luminous Properties of Electrically Conducting Helium Gas. II. Repro¬ 

ducibility . P.G. Nutting 

177. Resistance Coils for Alternating Current Work . H. L. Curtis and F. W. Grover 

178. The Hydrolysis of Sodium Oxalate and Its Influence Upon the Test for 

Neutrality. William Blum 

179. Wave-Lengths of Neon. Irwin G. Priest 

180. On the Deduction of Wien’s Displacement Law .... Edgar Buckingham 

181. The Four-Terminal Conductor and the Thomson Bridge . . . Frank Wenner 

182. Standardization of Potassium Permanganate Solution by Sodium Oxalate 

. R. S. McBride 

183. Benzoic Acid as an Acidimetric Standard. G. W. Morey 

184. A Tubular Electrodynamometer for Heavy Currents. P.G. Agnew 

185. Thermometric Lag. D. R. Harper 

186. Determination of Manganese as Sulphate and by the Sodium Bismuthate 

Method. William Blum 

187. A* New Precision Colorimeter. P.G. Nutting 

188. Instruments and Methods Used in Radiometry, II ... . W.W. Coblentz 

189. Antenna Resistance. L.W. Austin 

190. Energy Losses in Some Condensers Used in High-Frequency Circuits 

. L. W. Austin 

191. Selective Radiation from Various Substances, IV. W.W. Coblentz 

192. On a Modified Form of Stability Test for Smokeless Powder and Similar Ma¬ 

terials . H. C. P. Weber 

193. Atomic Weight of Bromine. H.C.P. Weber 

194. The Silver Voltameter.—Part I, First Series of Quantitative Experiments 

. E. B. Rosa and G. W. Vinal 

195. The Silver Voltameter, Part II. E. B. Rosa and G. W. Vinal 

196. The Diffuse Reflecting Power of Various Substances . . . W.W. Coblentz 



































VI 


Publications Issued by the Bureau oj Standards 

CIRCULARS 

No. i. Verification of Standards and Measuring Instruments. 

No. 2. Verification of Metal Tapes. 

No. 3. Verification of Standards of Mass. 

No. 4. Verification of Standards of Capacity. 

No. 5. Testing of Clinical Thermometers. 

No. 6. Fees for Electric, Magnetic, and Photometric Testing. 

No. 7. Pyrometer Testing and Heat Measurements. 

No. 8. Testing of Thermometers. 

No. 9. Testing of Glass Volumetric Apparatus. 

No. 10. Legal Weights (in pounds) per Bushel of Various Commodities. 

No. 11. The Standardization of Bomb Calorimeters. 

No. 12. Verification of Polariscopic Apparatus. 

No. 13. Standard Specifications for the Purchase of Incandescent Lamps. 

No. 14. Samples of Analyzed Irons and Steels—Methods of Analysis. 

No. 15. A Proposed International Unit of Light. 

No. 16. The testing of Hydrometers. 

No. 17. Magnetic Testing. 

No. 18. Standard Gauge for Sheet and Plate Iron and Steel. 

No. 19. Standard Density and Volumetric Tables. 

No. 20. Testing of Electrical Measuring Instruments. 

No. 21. Precision Measurements of Resistance and Electromotive Force. 

No. 22. Standard Specifications for Transformers, Oil-immersed, Self-cooled, 60-cycle, 
2200 Volts. 

No. 23. Standardization of Electrical Practice in Mines. 

No. 24. Publications of the Bureau of Standards. 

No. 25. Standard Analyzed Samples—General Information. 

No. 26. Analyzed Iron and Manganese Ores—Methods of Analysis. 

No. 27. The Testing and Properties of Optical Instruments. 

No. 28. The Determination of the Optical Properties of Materials. 

No. 29. Announcement of a Change in the Value of the International Volt. 

No. 30. Lime: Its Properties and Uses. 

No. 31. Copper Wire Tables. 

No. 32. State and Municipal Regulations for the Quality, Distribution, and Testing 
of Illuminating Gas. 

No. 33. United States Government Specification for Portland Cement. 

No. 34. The Relation of the Horsepower to the Kilowatt. 

No. 35. Melting Points of Chemical Elements. 

No. 36. The Testing and Properties of Electrical Condensers. 

No. 37. Electric Wire and Cable Terminology. 

No. 38. The Physical Testing of Mechanical Rubber Goods. 

No. 39. Specifications for and Measurement of Standard Sieves. 

No. 40. Sodium Oxalate as a Standard in Volumetric Analysis. 

TECHNOLOGIC PAPERS 

1. The Effect of Preliminary Heat Treatment upon the Drying of Clays (53 pp.) 

. A. V. Bleininger 

2. The Strength of Reenforced Concrete Beams. Results of Tests of 333 Beams 

(first series) (200 pp.). R. L. Humphrey and L. H. Losse 

3. Tests of Absorptive and Permeable Properties of Portland Cement Mortars 

and Concretes, Together with Tests of Damp Proofing and Waterproofing 
Compounds and Materials (127 pp.). Rudolph J. Wig 

4. The Effect of Added Fatty and Other Oils upon the Carbonization of Mineral 

Lubricating Oils (14 pp.). C. E. Waters 

5. The Effect of High-Pressure Steam on the Crushing Strength of Portland 

Cement Mortar and Concrete (25 pp. ). R. J. Wig 

6. The Determination of Chromium and Its Separation from Vanadium, in 

Steels (6 pp.). J.R.Cain 








VII 


Publications Issued by the Bureau oj Standards 

7. The Testing of Clay Refractories, With Special Reference to Their Load 

Carrying Capacity at Furnace Temperatures (78 pp.). 

. A. V. Bleininger and G. H. Brown 

8. A Rapid Method for the Determination of Vanadium in Steels, Ores, etc., 

Based on its Quantitative Inclusion by the Phosphomolybdate Precipitate 
(20 pp.). J. R. Cain and J. C. Hosietter 

9. The Density and Thermal Expansion of Linseed Oil and Turpentine (27 pp.) 

. H. W. Bearce 

10. The Melting Points of Fire Bricks (17 pp.). C.W. Kanolt 

MISCELLANEOUS 

International Metric System (chart). 

Table of the Equivalents of Customary and Metric Weights and Measures. 

The International Metric System of Weights and Measures. (Pamphlet.) 

First Conference on the Weights and Measures of the United States. 

Second Annual Conference on the Weights and Measures of the United States. 

Fourth Annual Conference on the Weights and Measures of the United States. 

Fifth Annual Conference on the Weights and Measures of the United States. 

Sixth Annual Conference on the Weights and Measures of the United States. 

The National Bureau of Standards (descriptive pamphlet). 






V 


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